Life- cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories forMotorcycles,
Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, Chicago Rail,
and New York City Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath
WORKING PAPER
UCB- ITS- VWP- 2009- 2
May 2009
This working paper supplements the results from Chester ( 2008) available at
http:// repositories. cdlib. org/ its/ ds/ UCB- ITS- DS- 2008- 1/. In addition, these re-sults
follow Chester ( 2009), a publication by these authors titled " Environ-mental
Assessment of Passenger Transportation Should Include Infrastructure
and Supply Chains" in Environmental Research Letters. Additional project in-formation
is available at http:// www. sustainable- transportation. com/
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 1
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel
Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, Chicago Rail, and New York City Rail
Supplemental Findings for:
Environmental Life‐ cycle Assessment of Passenger Transportation Modes in the U. S.
May 2009
Mikhail Chester †
Post Doctoral Associate
mchester@ cal. berkeley. edu
Arpad Horvath †
Associate Professor
horvath@ ce. berkeley. edu
† Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of California, Berkeley
Project information:
www. sustainable‐ transportation. com
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 2
Table of Contents
1 Background ............................................................................................................................... ........... 6
2 Methodology ............................................................................................................................... ......... 7
2.1 Onroad Inventories Methodology ................................................................................................ 7
2.2 Rail Inventories Methodology ....................................................................................................... 9
3 Modal Energy and Emissions Inventories Summary ........................................................................... 12
3.1 Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions................................................................ 12
3.2 SO2, NOX, VOCs, PM10, and CO Emissions ................................................................................... 14
4 Discussion ............................................................................................................................... ........... 20
5 References ............................................................................................................................... .......... 23
6 Supporting Data for Supplemental Modes ......................................................................................... 26
6.1 Motorcycle ( 4 Cylinder, no Emissions Control) Life‐ cycle Inventory .......................................... 27
6.2 Motorcycle ( 4 Cylinder, with Emissions Control) Life‐ cycle Inventory ....................................... 29
6.3 Motorcycle ( 2 Cylinder, no Emissions Control) Life‐ cycle Inventory .......................................... 31
6.4 Motorcycle ( 2 Cylinder, with Emissions Control) Life‐ cycle Inventory ....................................... 33
6.5 Motorcycle ( Sports Bike) Life‐ cycle Inventory ............................................................................ 35
6.6 Light Duty Diesel Sedan Life‐ cycle Inventory .............................................................................. 37
6.7 Light Duty Diesel Truck Life‐ cycle Inventory ............................................................................... 39
6.8 School Bus Life‐ cycle Inventory ................................................................................................... 41
6.9 Electric Bus Life‐ cycle Inventory ................................................................................................. 43
6.10 New York City Metro Life‐ cycle Inventory .................................................................................. 45
6.11 NY/ NJ PATH Metro Life‐ cycle Inventory ..................................................................................... 48
6.12 Newark Light Rail Life‐ cycle Inventory ........................................................................................ 51
6.13 New York City Commuter Rail Life‐ cycle Inventory .................................................................... 54
6.14 Chicago Commuter Rail Life‐ cycle Inventory .............................................................................. 57
6.15 Chicago Metro Life‐ cycle Inventory ............................................................................................ 60
7 Supporting Data for Updated Conventional Gasoline Automobiles, Urban Diesel Buses, San
Francisco Bay Area Rail, and Boston Rail Modes ........................................................................................ 63
7.1 Conventional Gasoline Vehicle ( Sedan) ...................................................................................... 64
7.2 Conventional Gasoline Vehicle ( SUV) ......................................................................................... 66
7.3 Conventional Gasoline Vehicle ( Pickup) ..................................................................................... 68
7.4 Urban Diesel Bus ( Average) ........................................................................................................ 70
7.5 Urban Diesel Bus ( Off‐ Peak) ........................................................................................................ 72
7.6 Urban Diesel Bus ( Peak) .............................................................................................................. 74
7.7 Heavy Rail ( San Francisco’s Bay Area Rapid Transit) ................................................................... 76
7.8 Heavy Rail ( San Francisco Bay Area Caltrain) .............................................................................. 79
7.9 Light Rail ( San Francisco’s Muni Metro)...................................................................................... 82
7.10 Light Rail ( Boston’s Green Line) .................................................................................................. 85
8 Supporting Data for High Speed Rail and Air Modes .......................................................................... 88
8.1 High Speed Rail ( California) Life‐ cycle Inventory ........................................................................ 89
8.2 Small Aircraft Life‐ cycle Inventory .............................................................................................. 92
8.3 Midsize Aircraft Life‐ cycle Inventory........................................................................................... 97
8.4 Large Aircraft Life‐ cycle Inventory ............................................................................................ 102
9 Model Background ............................................................................................................................ 107
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 3
List of Tables
Table 1 – Onroad Vehicles Critical Operating Characteristics ...................................................................... 9
Table 2 – Rail Vehicles Critical Operating Characteristics ( per Train) ......................................................... 11
Table 3 – Motorcycle ( 4 Cylinder, no Emissions Control) Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory .............................. 27
Table 4 – Motorcycle ( 4 Cylinder, no Emissions Control) Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory ...... 28
Table 5 – Motorcycle ( 4 Cylinder, with Emissions Control) Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory ........................... 29
Table 6 – Motorcycle ( 4 Cylinder, with Emissions Control) Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory ... 30
Table 7 – Motorcycle ( 2 Cylinder, no Emissions Control) Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory .............................. 31
Table 8 – Motorcycle ( 2 Cylinder, no Emissions Control) Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory ...... 32
Table 9 – Motorcycle ( 2 Cylinder, with Emissions Control) Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory ........................... 33
Table 10 – Motorcycle ( 2 Cylinder, with Emissions Control) Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory . 34
Table 11 – Motorcycle ( Sports Bike) Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory .............................................................. 35
Table 12 – Motorcycle ( Sports Bike) Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory ...................................... 36
Table 13 – Light Duty Diesel Sedan Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory ................................................................ 37
Table 14 – Light Duty Diesel Sedan Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory ........................................ 38
Table 15 – Light Duty Diesel Truck Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory ................................................................. 39
Table 16 – Light Duty Diesel Truck Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory ......................................... 40
Table 17 – School Bus Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory .................................................................................... 41
Table 18 – School Bus Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory ............................................................. 42
Table 19 – Electric Bus Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory ................................................................................... 43
Table 20 – Electric Bus Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory............................................................ 44
Table 21 – New York City Metro Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory .................................................................... 45
Table 22 – New York City Metro Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory ............................................ 46
Table 23 – NY/ NJ PATH Metro Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory ....................................................................... 48
Table 24 – NY/ NJ PATH Metro Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory ............................................... 49
Table 25 – Newark Light Rail Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory ......................................................................... 51
Table 26 – Newark Light Rail Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory .................................................. 52
Table 27 – New York City Commuter Rail Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory ...................................................... 54
Table 28 – New York City Commuter Rail Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory .............................. 55
Table 29 – Chicago Commuter Rail Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory ................................................................ 57
Table 30 – Chicago Commuter Rail Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory ........................................ 58
Table 31 – Chicago Metro Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory .............................................................................. 60
Table 32 – Chicago Metro Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory ...................................................... 61
Table 33 – Conventional Gasoline Vehicle ( Sedan) Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory ....................................... 64
Table 34 – Conventional Gasoline Vehicle ( Sedan) Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory ................ 65
Table 35 – Conventional Gasoline Vehicle ( SUV) Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory ........................................... 66
Table 36 – Conventional Gasoline Vehicle ( SUV) Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory ................... 67
Table 37 – Conventional Gasoline Vehicle ( Pickup) Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory ....................................... 68
Table 38 – Conventional Gasoline Vehicle ( Pickup) Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory ............... 69
Table 39 – Urban Diesel Bus ( Average) Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory .......................................................... 70
Table 40 – Urban Diesel Bus ( Average) Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory .................................. 71
Table 41 – Urban Diesel Bus ( Off‐ Peak) Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory ......................................................... 72
Table 42 – Urban Diesel Bus ( Off‐ Peak) Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory ................................. 73
Table 43 – Urban Diesel Bus ( Peak) Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory ............................................................... 74
Table 44 – Urban Diesel Bus ( Peak) Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory ........................................ 75
Table 45 – Heavy Rail ( San Francisco’s BART) Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory ................................................ 76
Table 46 – Heavy Rail ( San Francisco’s BART) Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory ........................ 77
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 4
Table 47 – Heavy Rail ( San Francisco Bay Area Caltrain) Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory ............................... 79
Table 48 – Heavy Rail ( San Francisco Bay Area Caltrain) Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory ....... 80
Table 49 – Light Rail ( San Francisco’s Muni Metro) Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory ....................................... 82
Table 50 – Light Rail ( San Francisco’s Muni Metro) Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory ............... 83
Table 51 – Light Rail ( Boston’s Green Line) Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory ................................................... 85
Table 52 – Light Rail ( Boston’s Green Line) Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory ............................ 86
Table 53 – High Speed Rail ( California) Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory .......................................................... 89
Table 54 – High Speed Rail ( California) Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory .................................. 90
Table 55 – Small Aircraft Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory ................................................................................ 92
Table 56 – Small Aircraft Life‐ cycle Infrastructure and Fuels Inventory ..................................................... 95
Table 57 – Midsize Aircraft Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory ............................................................................ 97
Table 58 – Midsize Aircraft Life‐ cycle Infrastructure and Fuels Inventory ............................................... 100
Table 59 – Large Aircraft Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory .............................................................................. 102
Table 60 – Large Aircraft Life‐ cycle Infrastructure and Fuels Inventory ................................................... 105
List of Figures
Figure 1 – Summary Modal Energy Consumption in MJ/ PMT .................................................................... 12
Figure 2 – Summary Modal GHG Emissions in g CO2e/ PMT ....................................................................... 13
Figure 3 – Summary Modal SO2 Emissions in mg/ PMT ............................................................................... 14
Figure 4 – Summary Modal NOX Emissions in mg/ PMT .............................................................................. 15
Figure 5 – Summary Modal VOC Emissions in mg/ PMT ............................................................................. 16
Figure 6 – Summary Modal PM10 Emissions in mg/ PMT ............................................................................ 17
Figure 7 – Summary Automobile and Motorcycle CO Emissions in mg/ PMT ............................................. 18
Figure 8 – Summary Bus, Rail and Aircraft CO Emissions in mg/ PMT ........................................................ 19
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 5
List of Acronyms
2C 2‐ cylinder
4C 4‐ cylinder
BART Bay Area Rapid Transit Rail System
CA California
CO Carbon Monoxide
CR Commuter Rail
EC Emissions Control
GGE Greenhouse Gas Equivalence ( CO2e)
GHG Greenhouse Gas
IL Chicago
LDD Light Duty Diesel
LDDT Light Duty Diesel Truck ( can refer to an SUV or pickup)
LDDV Light Duty Diesel Vehicle ( typically refers to a small automobile similar to a sedan)
LRT Light Rail Transit
MA Massachusetts
MC Motorcycle
NJ New Yersey
NOX Nitrogen Oxides
NY New York
NYC New York City
PMT Passenger Miles Traveled
PMX Particulate Matter ( the X subscript denotes the particle diameter in μm)
SF San Francisco
SFBA San Francisco Bay Area
SO2 Sulfur Dioxide
SUV Sport Utility Vehicles
VMT Vehicle Miles Traveled
VOC Volatile Organic Compounds
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
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1 Background
The development of life‐ cycle energy and emissions factors for passenger transportation modes is
critical for understanding the total environmental costs of travel. Previous life‐ cycle studies have
focused on the automobile given its dominating share of passenger travel and have included only few
life‐ cycle components, typically related to the vehicle ( i. e., manufacturing, maintenance, end‐ of‐ life) or
fuel ( i. e., extraction, refining, transport) ( MacLean 1998, Cobas‐ Flores 1998, Sullivan 1998). Chester
( 2009) provides the first comprehensive environmental life‐ cycle assessment of not only vehicle and fuel
components but also infrastructure components for automobiles, buses, commuter rail systems, and
aircraft. Many processes were included for vehicles ( manufacturing, active operation, inactive
operation, maintenance, insurance), infrastructure ( construction, operation, maintenance, parking,
insurance), and fuels ( production, distribution) in Chester ( 2009). The vehicles inventoried were sedans,
pickups, SUVs, urban diesel buses, light rail ( San Francisco’s Muni Metro and Boston’s Green Line, both
electric), heavy rail ( San Francisco Bay Area’s BART and Caltrain), and aircraft ( small, medium, and large‐sized
planes are disaggregated). Given the methodological framework in Chester ( 2009), the question of
applicability of these systems to other U. S. modes, and the data availability of other modes, is extended
in this study to motorcycles, light duty diesel vehicles, school buses, electric buses, Chicago commuter
rail modes, and New York City commuter rail modes.
The onroad and rail modes evaluated here are chosen primarily because of data availability. While life‐cycle
factors are critical in understanding the full environmental costs of passenger travel, vehicle
operational “ tail‐ pipe” factors are often the dominating contributor to particular components. For
example, Chester ( 2009) showed that while emissions of CO, SO2, VOCs, and PM10 may be dominated by
non‐ vehicle operation factors such as roadway construction, vehicle manufacturing, or fuel production
for automobiles, around 60%‐ 70% of energy consumption and greenhouse gas ( GHG) emissions are
attributed to fuel combustion. This is important because high quality fuel combustion factors for onroad
modes are critical for life‐ cycle assessments and the EPA Mobile 6.2 emissions modeling software
provides these factors for motorcycles, light duty diesel vehicles, and school buses ( EPA 2003).
Additionally, electric buses are included based on the San Francisco Muni system. The creation of life‐cycle
environmental factors for these modes will provide for improved cross‐ comparisons of modal
choices. Questions related to the use of diesel automobiles versus conventional gasoline automobiles
linger and the creation of life‐ cycle factors for these modes will provide additional clarification for
overall environmental performance. The assessment of Chicago and New York City rail systems is
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 7
performed because of the transit‐ rich options of the regions. Adding the Chicago and New York City rail
system inventories to the San Francisco Bay Area inventories already computed will provide critical data
for three transit‐ oriented cities that will allow for regional assessments ( the preliminary regional
assessment is performed in and is currently being updated based on the results in this document). The
diversity of rail options in these cities is greater than most other metropolitan regions and the life‐ cycle
inventories will illuminate the critical characteristics of the systems that makes one outperform the
others. The rail systems inventoried are the Chicago Metro, Chicago Metra commuter rail, New York
City’s metro, the New York/ New Jersey PATH metro, Newark’s LRT, and New York City’s Metro North
commuter rail.
2 Methodology
While vehicle, infrastructure, and fuel components are captured in all inventories, two somewhat
different approaches are used to determine the environmental performance of components for the
onroad and rail modes. The baseline comparison year is 2005 for all vehicles. Tier 2 low sulfur fuel
programs are implemented and reflected in emissions outputs.
2.1 Onroad Inventories Methodology
The approach used to guide the estimation of the onroad inventories follows that of Chester ( 2009).
Vehicle manufacturing, maintenance, and insurance are estimated with EIOLCA ( 2009). The motorcycles
are represented by the 4‐ cylinder Yamaha VMAX ($ 16,300), 2‐ cylinder Harley Davidson Fat Boy
($ 17,500), and Kawasaki ZX‐ 14 ($ 11,600) ( Cycle World 2009). These models are chosen because they are
assumed to be a good representation of the ranges in motorcycles. The 4‐ cylinder model represents
muscle and touring bikes, the 2‐ cylinder model captures most cruisers, and the sports bike highlights the
top performance and power niche. All dollars are year 2005 unless otherwise stated. Light duty diesel
sedans and pickups are assumed to be priced $ 3000 more than their conventional gasoline
counterparts. The school bus is given a price of $ 87,500 and electric bus $ 350,000 ( which is about
$ 50,000 greater than diesel urban buses but less than the new hybrid buses in San Francisco with a price
of $ 500,000) ( Edmunds 2009, SFMTA 2009). Motorcycle maintenance costs are assumed to be 50% of
the purchase costs over the lifetime of the vehicle ( similar to automobiles). Tire maintenance is
determined from an assumed $ 150 cost per tire and a replacement lifetime of 6,000 miles. The diesel
automobiles are assumed to have equal maintenance to their conventional gasoline counterparts and
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 8
school and electric buses are assumed to have similar maintenance costs to urban buses. Annual
insurance costs for the motorcycles are $ 500 for the 4‐ cyclinder, $ 200 for the 2‐ cylinder, and $ 1,000 for
the sports bike ( Lankard 2009). Similar to maintenance costs, diesel autos are assumed to have similar
insurance costs to their gasoline counterparts and the school and electric buses to urban buses.
Vehicle operation is evaluated from three components: direct energy use ( gasoline, diesel, and
electricity), cold start operation, brake wear, tire wear, evaporative VOC losses, and idling ( for buses).
The 4‐ cyclinder motorcycle is estimated to achieve a 41 miles per gallon fuel economy, the 2‐ cylinders
45 miles per gallon, and the sport bike 33 miles per gallon. While fuel economy may vary significantly
depending on operating characteristics, these averages were assumed reasonable for typical conditions.
Motorcycle emissions were determined from several sources. The importance of catalytic converters to
motorcycle emissions was captured through the modeling of an “ emission controlled” and “ non‐emission
controlled” 4 and 2‐ clinder vehicle. There is sparse data on motorcycle emissions in the U. S.
likely due to their minor share of VMT. This is not the case with many Asian countries where
motorcycles represent a larger fraction of total VMT and the importance of “ emission controlled”
vehicles is heavily scrutinized. Combining both U. S. and Asian data on emissions from different vehicles,
factors for the five motorcycle types were determined ( Chen 2003, CITEPA 2005, HD 2005, MacDonald
2005, Tsai 2000). These are 4‐ cyclinder uncontrolled and emission controlled ( EC), 2‐ cyliner uncontrolled
and emission controlled, and a sports bike ( evaluated as a 4‐ cylinder with uncontrolled emissions
vehicle). The diesel sedan, diesel pickup, and school bus fuel economies and emissions were determined
from EPA ( 2003). Lastly, the electric bus electricity economy was determined from FTA ( 2005) electricity
consumption data and corresponding San Francisco Bay Area emissions in generation ( Deru 2007). Cold
start, brake wear, tire wear, and evaporative emission factors were determined from Mobile 6.2 for
motorcycles, diesel automobiles, and school buses ( EPA 2003). Only the brake and tire wear factors
were applied to electric buses from Mobile 6.2’ s urban diesel bus factors. Given the idling fraction of
total energy for the urban diesel bus, the electric buses’ fraction of energy consumed was determined.
With the exception of the electric bus, all infrastructure and fuel components are determined from the
same methodology described in Chester ( 2009). For the electric bus, while infrastructure components
were computed similarly, fuel production components needed to be determined differently given the
use of electricity as a fuel input and not gasoline or diesel. The precombustion effects as well as
transmission and distribution effects from the electricity consumed during bus operation are included
from electricity generation life‐ cycle factors ( Deru 2007).
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 9
All results have been normalized by vehicle lifetime, vehicle miles traveled ( VMT), and passenger miles
traveled ( PMT). This is done to improve transparency of results and present data in multiple functional
units which may be desired in future analyses. For light duty diesel vehicles and the electric bus, weights
and vehicle lifetimes are assumed equal to their conventional gasoline and diesel urban bus
counterparts. Motorcycle weights are determined from Cycle World ( 2009) while the school bus is
estimated to weight 40,000 lbs ( 25,000 lbs curb weight and 15,000 lbs of passengers). The motorcycle
lifetimes are determined from a 75,000 ( 4 and 2‐ cylinder) and 60,000 ( sport bike) mile lifetime and
average yearly VMT ( KBB 2009). The school bus lifetime is specified as 15 years which is the suggested
replacement time for vehicles ( NASDPTS 2002). The average yearly school bus VMT is specified at 11,000
and the electric bus 27,000 ( NASDPTS 2002, FTA 2005). While motorcycles average 1.3 passengers, it is
assumed that sports bike average one passenger. School buses are assumed to operate at 75%
occupancy of 84 seats and the electric bus achieves an average 16 passengers ( although both an off‐peak
of 5 and peak of 40 passengers is shown in the results), the average for the San Francisco Muni
system ( FTA 2005). These operating characteristics, which are used to normalize to the multiple
functional units, are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1 – Onroad Vehicles Critical Operating Characteristics
Motorcycle
( 4‐ cylinder)
Motorcycle
( 2‐ cylinder)
Motorcycle
( Sport Bike)
LDDV LDDT School Bus Electric Bus
Vehicle Weight ( lbs) 500 690 470 3,200 5,200 40,000 25,000
Vehicle Lifetime ( yrs) 13 15 20 17 16 15 12
Yearly VMT ( mi/ yr) 6,000 5,000 3,000 11,000 11,000 11,000 27,000
Average Occupancy 1.3 1.3 1 1.58 1.46 63 16
Yearly PMT ( mi/ yr) 6,000 5,000 3,000 17,000 16,000 690,000 420,000
All values rounded to two significant digits.
2.2 Rail Inventories Methodology
The rail vehicle, infrastructure, and fuel components are computed with the same methodology as
Chester ( 2009). The addition of the Chicago and New York City rail systems supplements the original
Chester ( 2009) inventory with new modes that are technologically similar to the existing modes. The
New York City metro, NY/ NJ PATH metro, and Chicago metro are evaluated with the same framework
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 10
used to evaluate the San Francisco Bay Area BART system. There are 578 trains operating during the
average weekday for New York City, 36 for NY/ NJ PATH, and 141 for Chicago compared to BART’s 61
( FTA 2005). Infrastructure differences also vary widely between these metro systems. While there are 43
stations in BART’s network, there are 468 in the New York City’s, 13 in NY/ NJ PATH’s, and 144 in
Chicago’s ( FTA 2005). Also, track mileage varies from 267 for BART ( 58% surface, 21% elevated, 21%
underground), 835 for New York City ( 24% surface, 22% elevated, 54% underground), 43 for NY/ NJ PATH
( 53% surface, 8% elevated, 38% underground), and 288 for Chicago ( 51% surface, 40% elevated, 8%
underground) ( FTA 2005). The Newark LRT system is evaluated with the same framework as the San
Francisco Muni Metro and Boston Green Line. There are 28 Newark LRT trains operating on the average
weekday compared against 127 for the Muni Metro and 77 for the Green Line ( FTA 2005). The Newark
LRT has 17 stations and 99 miles of track ( 96% surface, 2% elevated, 2% underground) while the Muni
Metro and Green Line have 56 and 70 stations and 73 ( 80% surface, 20% underground) and 78 ( 77%
surface, 5% elevated, 18% underground) miles of track ( FTA 2005). The New York City and Chicago
commuter rail systems are evaluated with the same framework as the San Francisco Bay Area’s Caltrain.
New York City and Chicago operate 140 weekday trains each on average compared to Caltrain’s 19 ( FTA
2005). There are 109 and 231 stations for New York City and Chicago compared against 33 for Caltrain
( FTA 2005). Track mileage is 805 ( 98% surface, 1% elevated, 1% underground) and 1,144 ( 100% surface)
for New York City and Chicago while 137 ( 97% surface, 3% elevated) for Caltrain ( FTA 2005). The
manufacturing energy and emissions are estimated from the life‐ cycle assessment software SimaPro
( SimaPro 2006). Propulsion, idling, and auxiliary energy are assumed to have the same fractional
breakdown as the Chester ( 2009) counterparts. Maintenance was also determined from SimaPro ( 2006)
while cleaning ( vacuuming and mopping) and flooring replacement were determined from flooring types
( carpeting or plastic composite). Using NTD reported employee costs, employee vehicle and
infrastructure insurance costs are determined and coupled with energy and emissions estimates for the
“ Insurance Carriers” sector of EIOLCA ( 2009).
Based on the system type ( metro, commuter rail, light rail), the number of stations, and the length of
track types ( surface, underground, elevated), infrastructure construction energy and emissions are
determined. For example, the Newark LRT’s station construction requirements are assumed equivalent
to the Boston Green Line’s. The track construction energy and emissions are estimated from basic
materials such as steel, concrete, and wood. Track maintenance is assumed to be 5% of initial
construction requirements. Using estimates from the Chester ( 2009) systems, station energy
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
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consumption ( and upstream electricity production emissions) are computed for lighting, escalators, and
train control systems. Station life‐ time maintenance is assumed to be 5% of construction requirements,
major renovations ( reconstruction) are included based on expected facility lifetimes, and station
cleaning is determined from mopping requirements and chemical cleaner production. Using the
Pavement Life‐ cycle Assessment Tool for Environmental and Economic Effects, parking space
construction and maintenance energy and emissions are computed ( PaLATE 2004). While the New York
City metro, NY/ NJ PATH metro, and Newark LRT systems do have direct control over parking facilities,
New York City commuter rail ( 14,000 spaces), Chicago commuter rail ( 7,200 spaces), and the Chicago
metro ( 5,700 spaces) do ( NYMTA 2009, Metra 2005, CTA 2008).
The fuel production and distribution effects are captured for both diesel and electric vehicles. The
production of diesel fuels is capture with EIOLCA ( 2009) and electricity Deru ( 2007). The New York City
electric modes are specified with the New York state mix and the Chicago electric modes with the Illinois
mix.
The normalization of results per vehicle lifetime, VMT, and PMT are based on particular operating
characteristics of each train in each system. All vehicles are assumed to have a lifetime of 30 years with
the exception of the Newark LRT trains specified at 27 years ( the same as the San Francisco Muni
Metro). The total yearly VMT have a broad range due to the functionality and level of service achieved
by each system ( FTA 2005). The average occupancies which are determined from the National Transit
Database are used to determine yearly PMT ( FTA 2005). These factors are summarized in Table 2.
Table 2 – Rail Vehicles Critical Operating Characteristics ( per Train)
NYC Metro
NY/ NJ PATH
Metro
Newark Light
Rail
NYC Commuter
Rail
Chicago
Commuter Rail
Chicago Metro
Vehicle Lifetime ( yrs) 30 30 27 30 30 30
Yearly VMT ( mi/ yr) 67,000 53,000 74,000 64,000 45,000 88,000
Average Occupancy 217 158 24 173 232 91
Yearly PMT ( mi/ yr) 15,000,000 8,400,000 1,800,000 11,000,000 10,000,000 8,100,000
All values rounded to two significant digits.
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
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3 Modal Energy and Emissions Inventories Summary
3.1 Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Energy consumption grouped into major life‐ cycle components are shown in Figure 1. Both the modes
from Chester ( 2009) and those inventoried in this study are included for comparative purposes.
Figure 1 – Summary Modal Energy Consumption in MJ/ PMT
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 13
The implementation of an emissions control device does not change the energy or GHG performance of
motorcycles significantly. Modal GHG performance is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2 – Summary Modal GHG Emissions in g CO2e/ PMT
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
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3.2 SO2, NOX, VOCs, PM10, and CO Emissions
Figure 3 through Figure 8 summarize the SO2, NOX, VOC, PM10, and CO emissions per PMT. For these
pollutants, “ active operation” emissions are further disaggregated into warm and cold running modes to
illustrate the contributions of emissions when the catalytic converter is not fully operational.
Figure 3 – Summary Modal SO2 Emissions in mg/ PMT
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
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Figure 4 – Summary Modal NOX Emissions in mg/ PMT
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Figure 5 – Summary Modal VOC Emissions in mg/ PMT
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Figure 6 – Summary Modal PM10 Emissions in mg/ PMT
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There is a range in the per‐ PMT emissions from the automobiles and motorcycles to the buses, trains,
and aircraft. While the per‐ VMT emissions for all modes may show smaller variations, the accounting of
the number of passengers results in buses, trains, and aircraft having much lower per‐ PMT CO emissions
than automobiles and motorcycles. This is reflected in Figure 7 and Figure 8.
Figure 7 – Summary Automobile and Motorcycle CO Emissions in mg/ PMT
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 19
Figure 8 – Summary Bus, Rail and Aircraft CO Emissions in mg/ PMT
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 20
4 Discussion
The total life‐ cycle energy consumption and emissions are often dominated by a few critical processes
for each mode. Many of the contributions are explained in Chester ( 2009) where similar life‐ cycle
component processes are responsible for the larger energy consumption or emissions in the total
inventories. These components are discussed in extensive detail in Chester ( 2009) and will be generally
discussed in this section.
For energy and emissions, the onroad modes are heavily influenced by vehicle manufacturing and
maintenance, infrastructure construction, and fuel production. The electricity use in vehicle and parts
production as well as the fuels needed to transport parts and materials are the primary energy and GHG
contributors to vehicle manufacturing and maintenance. The dominating share of light duty vehicle
travel on roadways increases the allocation of roadway energy and GHG emissions to the infrastructure
construction phase. The energy requirements and resulting GHG emissions needed to extract, refine,
and transport fuels is significant. This is not the case for just conventional gasoline and diesel vehicles
but also for the electric bus. The energy required to produce primary fuels for fossil‐ based electricity
generation facilities results in large contributions for this mode. School buses show large contributions
from infrastructure maintenance components. School buses are estimated at around 70% of the bus
fleet and although they average fewer VMT than urban passenger buses, their impact on local roadways
in particular is significant ( FHWA 1997). Attributing this maintenance to buses results in more energy
and GHG emissions required to maintain roads due to buses than the actual bus creates itself. The large
non‐ operational shares for motorcycles are due to the large process requirements and relatively few
PMT served. For example, it takes roughly the same amount of energy to produce a motorcycle as it
does an automobile ( this may be because of economies of scale or the extra requirements to produce
specialty parts) but motorcycles service roughly one‐ third the PMT as the automobile modes over the
vehicle’s lifetime. The SO2, NOX, VOC, PM10, and CO emissions are produced from several different
processes across life‐ cycle components. SO2 is produced primarily in electricity generation. Similar to
Chester ( 2009), the SO2 emitted from electricity generation in life‐ cycle components dominates total
emissions due to low fuel sulfur contents in direct combustion. The SO2 emissions from electricity
requirements in aggregate production for infrastructure construction, vehicle manufacturing, and fuel
production are strong contributors across all modes. NOX emissions are mostly attributable to diesel
truck and equipment use, often in material or parts transport. While VOCs are dominated by the vehicle
operation phase, the releases during asphalt placement during roadway construction are non‐ negligible.
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 21
The detailed energy and emissions life‐ cycle component factors for each
mode are found at the end of this document in the Supporting Data section:
Onroad Inventories
Motorcycle ( 4 Cylinder, no Emissions Control) Life‐ cycle Inventory ( Page 27)
Motorcycle ( 4 Cylinder, with Emissions Control) Life‐ cycle Inventory ( Page 29)
Motorcycle ( 2 Cylinder, no Emissions Control) Life‐ cycle Inventory ( Page 31)
Motorcycle ( 2 Cylinder, with Emissions Control) Life‐ cycle Inventory ( Page 33)
Motorcycle ( Sports Bike) Life‐ cycle Inventory ( Page 35)
Light Duty Diesel Sedan Life‐ cycle Inventory ( Page 37)
Light Duty Diesel Truck Life‐ cycle Inventory ( Page 39)
School Bus Life‐ cycle Inventory ( Page 41)
Electric Bus Life‐ cycle Inventory ( Page 43)
Rail Inventories
New York City Metro Life‐ cycle Inventory ( Page 45)
NY/ NJ PATH Metro Life‐ cycle Inventory ( Page 48)
Newark Light Rail Life‐ cycle Inventory ( Page 51)
New York City Commuter Rail Life‐ cycle Inventory ( Page 54)
Chicago Commuter Rail Life‐ cycle Inventory ( Page 57)
Chicago Metro Life‐ cycle Inventory ( Page 60)
The vehicle manufacturing and roadway construction phases show dominating contributions to total
PM10 emissions. Additionally, parking construction has significant contributions for automobiles as does
infrastructure maintenance for buses. While CO emissions for autos are mostly from vehicle operation,
the emissions from truck transportation in vehicle manufacturing contribute heavily to bus modes.
The infrastructure construction, infrastructure operation, and fuel production components are the
strongest influence on rail energy consumption and GHG emissions. The massive material requirements
( particularly concrete) results in significant energy consumption for building rail stations and tracks.
Infrastructure operation includes station lighting, escalators, and train control, all of which consume
large quantities of electricity
considering continuously draw
electricity for a large part of the
day. The energy and corresponding
GHG emissions of primary fuels
extraction and processing for
electricity generation results in
significant contributions from the
fuel production phase. For the
other emissions, similar processes
are responsible for large life‐ cycle
contributions but the large physical
size of rail infrastructure given the
PMT served pronounces the contributions from infrastructure components. SO2 in electricity generation
again shows in the infrastructure operation component for station power. The electricity required in
concrete production results in a non‐ negligible contribution for the infrastructure construction
component of some modes. While NOX in diesel trucks and equipment use dominates some rail modes,
for commuter rail systems, vehicle operation factors dominate. This is due to direct combustion of diesel
fuel by these vehicles and produces much larger vehicle operation emissions than electric modes. VOC
and PM10 emissions are relatively small for rail modes but can be dominated by the release of organic
components in cement production and fugitive emissions in aggregate production for infrastructure
construction.
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 22
These life‐ cycle inventories highlight the importance of energy and emissions inventories for
transportation modes that include components beyond vehicle direct energy use. The energy and GHG
emissions in vehicle operation are between 10% and 70% of the total inventory showing that even at its
largest contribution, non‐ operational components have significant contributions. For SO2, NOX, VOCs,
PM10, and CO emissions, the results are even stronger. It is often the case that the vast majority of
emissions of these pollutants occur outside of the vehicle operation phase. The uncertainty of data used
and the methodology applied follows the same assessment as in Chester ( 2009). While the life‐ cycle
inventories presented are valuable, they do not delve into impact assessment ( with the exception of
GHG emissions). These inventories should provide an improved dataset for evaluating GHG, human
health, ecologic, and other impact categories. The importance of proper attribution of energy
consumption and emissions is critical in well‐ formed policy and decision making.
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 23
5 References
[ Chen 2003, Chen ( 2003)]
Chen, K. S., et al., 2003. Motorcycle Emissions and Fuel Consumption in Urban and Rural Driving
Conditions. The Science of the Total Environment, 312, 113‐ 122. Available online at
http:// dx. doi. org/ 10.1016/ S0048- 9697( 03) 00196- 7.
[ Chester 2009, Chester ( 2009)]
Chester, M. V., Horvath, A., 2009. Environmental Assessment of Passenger Transportation Should Include
Infrastructure and Supply Chains. Environmental Research Letters, In Press.
[ CITEPA 2005, CITEPA ( 2005)]
Centre Interprofessionnel Technique d’Etudes de la Pollution Atmospherique ( CITEPA), 2005. On Road
Mopeds and Motorcycles. Available online at http:// www. citepa. org/ forums/ egtei/ 42- synopsis- sheet-mopeds-
motorcycles- 30- 09- 05. pdf ( accessed 2/ 20/ 2009).
[ Cobas‐ Flores 1998, Cobas‐ Flores ( 1998)]
Cobas‐ Flores, et al., 1998. Motor Vehicles and Passenger Car Bodies Sector: Life Cycle Assessment Using
Economic Input‐ Output Analysis. Society of Automotive Engineers Congress 1998, Paper # 980475,
Detroit, MI. Available online at http:// www. sae. org/ technical/ papers/ 980475.
[ CTA 2008, CTA ( 2008)]
Chicago Transit Authority ( CTA), 2008. CTA Parking Rates for 2009. Available online at
http:// www. transitchicago. com/ news/ default. aspx? pg= 9& All= y& ArticleId= 2243 ( accessed 2/ 20/ 2009).
[ Cycle World 2009, Cycle World ( 2009)]
Cycle World, 2009. Buyer’s Guide. Available online at
http:// www. cycleworld. com/ default. asp? section_ id= 10.
[ Deru 2007, Deru ( 2007)]
Deru, M., Torcellini, P., 2007. Source Energy and Emission Factors for Energy Use in Buildings. National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Technical Report # NREL/ TP‐ 550‐ 38617, Available online at
http:// dx. doi. org/ 10.2172/ 884990.
[ Edmunds 2009, Edmunds ( 2009)]
Edmunds, 2009. Should School Buses Have Safety Belts? Available online at
http:// www. edmunds. com/ ownership/ safety/ articles/ 122574/ article. html ( accessed 2/ 28/ 2009).
[ FHWA 1997, FHWA ( 1997)]
Federal Highway Administration ( FHWA), 1997. Federal Highway Cost Allocation Study Final Report.
Washington, DC. Available online at http:// www. fhwa. dot. gov/ policy/ hcas/ final/ toc. htm.
[ FTA 2005, FTA ( 2005)]
FTA, 2005. 2005 National Transit Database 2005. U. S. Federal Transit Administration. Available online at
http:// www. ntdprogram. gov/ ntdprogram/.
[ HD 2005, HD ( 2005)]
Harley Davidson, 2005. Manufacturer Emissions Certificate. Ann Arbor, MI.
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[ KBB 2009, KBB ( 2009)]
Kelley Blue Book ( KBB), 2009. Motorcycle Frequently Asked Questions. Available online at
http:// www. kbb. com/ KBB/ CompanyInfo/ MotorcycleFAQ. aspx ( accessed 1/ 18/ 2009).
[ Lankard 2009, Lankard ( 2009)]
Lankard, T., 2009. Hidden Costs of Motorcycle Insurance. MSN Autos. Available online at
http:// editorial. autos. msn. com/ article. aspx? cp‐ documentid= 434715 ( accessed 2/ 27/ 2009).
[ MacDonald 2005, MacDonald ( 2005)]
MacDonald, J., et al., 2005. Evaluation of Emission from Asian 2‐ stroke Motorcycles. Journal of the
Society of Automotive Engineers, 32.
[ MacLean 1998, MacLean ( 1998)]
MacLean, H., Lave, L., 1998. A Life‐ cycle Model of an Automobile. Environmental Science & Technology,
32, 322A‐ 330A.
[ Metra 2005, Metra ( 2005)]
Metra Rail, 2005. Available Daily Parking. Available online at
http:// metrarail. com/ Service_ Advisories/ daily_ fee_ parking. html ( accessed 1/ 30/ 2009).
[ NASDPTS 2002, NASDPTS ( 2002)]
National Association of State Directors of Pupil Transportation Services ( NASDPTS), 2002. School Bus
Replacement Considerations. Available online at http:// www. nasdpts. org/ paperBusReplacement. html
( accessed 1/ 12/ 2009).
[ NYMTA 2009, NYMTA ( 2009)]
New York Metropolitan Transportation Authority ( NYMTA), 2009. Metro‐ North Awards LAZ Parking
Management of 13,625 Spaces. Available online at
http:// www. mta. info/ mta/ news/ releases/? en= 090128‐ MNR4 ( accessed 2/ 16/ 2009).
[ PaLATE 2004, PaLATE ( 2004)]
Horvath, A., 2004. PaLATE: Pavement Life‐ cycle Assessment Tool for Environmental and Economic
Benefits. University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA. Available online at
http:// www. ce. berkeley. edu/~ horvath/ palate. html.
[ EIOLCA 2009, EIOLCA ( 2009)]
Carnegie Mellon University’s Green Design Institute’s Economic Input‐ Output Life‐ cycle Assessment
( EIOLCA) Model, 2009. Pittsburgh, PA.
[ EPA 2003, EPA ( 2003)]
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA), 2003. Mobile 6.2 Emissions Modeling Software.
Washington, DC.
[ SFMTA 2009, SFMTA ( 2009)]
San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency ( SFMTA), 2009. Muni Hybrid Buses. Available online at
http:// www. sfmta. com/ cms/ mfleet/ hybrids. htm ( accessed 2/ 25/ 2009).
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[ SimaPro 2006, SimaPro ( 2006)]
Pré: Product Ecology Consultants, 2006. SimaPro Life‐ cycle Assessment Software. Amersfoort,
Netherlands.
[ Sullivan 1998, Sullivan ( 1998)]
Sullivan, J., et al., 1998. Life Cycle Inventory of a Generic U. S. Family Sedan – Overview of Results
U. S. CAR AMP Project. 1998 Proceedings of the Society of Automotive Engineer’s Total Life Cycle
Conference – Land, Sea & Air Mobility, Paper # 982160. Available online at
http:// www. sae. org/ technical/ papers/ 982160.
[ Tsai 2000, Tsai ( 2000)]
Tsai, J. H., et al., 2000. Air Pollutant Emission Factors from New and In‐ Use Motorcycles. Atmospheric
Environment, 34, 4747‐ 4754. Available online at http:// dx. doi. org/ 10.1016/ S1352- 2310( 00) 00270- 3.
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 26
6 Supporting Data for Supplemental Modes
The following subsections provide the life‐ cycle component results for each mode. All functional units
are reported ( per Vehicle Lifetime, VMT, and PMT).
Motorcycle ( 4 Cylinder, no Emissions Control) Life‐ cycle Inventory ( Page 27)
Motorcycle ( 4 Cylinder, with Emissions Control) Life‐ cycle Inventory ( Page 29)
Motorcycle ( 2 Cylinder, no Emissions Control) Life‐ cycle Inventory ( Page 31)
Motorcycle ( 2 Cylinder, with Emissions Control) Life‐ cycle Inventory ( Page 33)
Motorcycle ( Sports Bike) Life‐ cycle Inventory ( Page 35)
Light Duty Diesel Sedan Life‐ cycle Inventory ( Page 37)
Light Duty Diesel Truck Life‐ cycle Inventory ( Page 39)
School Bus Life‐ cycle Inventory ( Page 41)
Electric Bus Life‐ cycle Inventory ( Page 43)
New York City Metro Life‐ cycle Inventory ( Page 45)
NY/ NJ PATH Metro Life‐ cycle Inventory ( Page 48)
Newark Light Rail Life‐ cycle Inventory ( Page 51)
New York City Commuter Rail Life‐ cycle Inventory ( Page 54)
Chicago Commuter Rail Life‐ cycle Inventory ( Page 57)
Chicago Metro Life‐ cycle Inventory ( Page 60)
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 27
6.1 Motorcycle ( 4 Cylinder, no Emissions Control) Life­cycle
Inventory
Table 3 – Motorcycle ( 4 Cylinder, no Emissions Control) Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory
Life‐ Cycle Component I/ O per Vehicle‐ Life per VMT per PMT
V, Manufacture Energy 120 GJ 1,500 kJ 1,200 kJ
GHG 9.8 mt GGE 130 g GGE 100 g GGE
SO2 21 kg 280 mg 220 mg
CO 120 kg 1,600 mg 1,200 mg
NOX 20 kg 260 mg 200 mg
VOC 22 kg 290 mg 220 mg
PM10 8.0 kg 110 mg 82 mg
Pb 43 g 570 μg 440 μg
V, Operation ( Running) Energy 250 GJ 3,300 kJ 2,500 kJ
GHG 16 mt GGE 220 g GGE 170 g GGE
SO2 0.93 kg 12 mg 9.5 mg
CO 1,800 kg 25,000 mg 19,000 mg
NOX 36 kg 490 mg 370 mg
VOC 270 kg 3,600 mg 2,700 mg
PM10 2.9 kg 39 mg 30 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
V, Operation ( Start) CO 310 kg 4,200 mg 3,200 mg
NOX 32 kg 430 mg 330 mg
VOC 38 kg 500 mg 380 mg
V, Operation ( Tire) PM10 0.30 kg 4.0 mg 3.1 mg
V, Operation ( Brake) PM10 0.94 kg 13 mg 9.6 mg
V, Automotive Repair GHG 380 g GGE 5,100 μg GGE 3,900 μg GGE
V, Automotive Repair VOC 8.8 kg 120 mg 90 mg
V, Evaporative Losses VOC 33 kg 440 mg 340 mg
V, Tire Production Energy 23 GJ 310 kJ 240 kJ
GHG 1.7 mt GGE 22 g GGE 17 g GGE
SO2 3.0 kg 40 mg 31 mg
CO 23 kg 310 mg 240 mg
NOX 3.1 kg 42 mg 32 mg
VOC 4.0 kg 53 mg 41 mg
PM10 ‐ ‐ ‐
Pb 1,800 g 23,000 μg 18,000 μg
V, Maintenance Energy 20 GJ 270 kJ 210 kJ
GHG 1.7 mt GGE 23 g GGE 18 g GGE
SO2 4.3 kg 58 mg 44 mg
CO 21 kg 280 mg 220 mg
NOX 3.9 kg 52 mg 40 mg
VOC 4.0 kg 53 mg 41 mg
PM10 0.011 kg 0.14 mg 0.11 mg
Pb 1,300 g 17,000 μg 13,000 μg
V, Fixed Costs / Insurance Energy 5.3 GJ 71 kJ 54 kJ
GHG 0.43 mt GGE 5.8 g GGE 4.4 g GGE
SO2 1.1 kg 14 mg 11 mg
CO 4.8 kg 64 mg 49 mg
NOX 1.2 kg 16 mg 12 mg
VOC 0.89 kg 12 mg 9.1 mg
PM10 0.23 kg 3.0 mg 2.3 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 28
Table 4 – Motorcycle ( 4 Cylinder, no Emissions Control) Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory
Life‐ Cycle Component I/ O per Vehicle‐ Life per VMT per PMT
I, Roadway Construction Energy 65 GJ 860 kJ 670 kJ
GHG 5.4 mt GGE 73 g GGE 56 g GGE
SO2 11 kg 140 mg 110 mg
CO 17 kg 230 mg 170 mg
NOX 26 kg 350 mg 270 mg
VOC 34 kg 450 mg 350 mg
PM10 15 kg 200 mg 150 mg
Pb 0.0032 kg 0.042 mg 0.032 mg
I, Roadway Maintenance Energy ‐ ‐ ‐
GHG ‐ ‐ ‐
SO2 ‐ ‐ ‐
CO ‐ ‐ ‐
NOX ‐ ‐ ‐
VOC ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 ‐ ‐ ‐
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
I, Herbicides / Salting Energy 380 MJ 5.0 kJ 3.8 kJ
GHG 28 kg GGE 370 mg GGE 290 mg GGE
SO2 13 mg 0.17 μg 0.13 μg
CO 100 mg 1.4 μg 1.0 μg
NOX 37 mg 0.50 μg 0.38 μg
VOC 40 mg 0.53 μg 0.41 μg
PM10 7.7 mg 0.10 μg 0.079 μg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
I, Roadway Lighting Energy 4.8 GJ 64 kJ 49 kJ
GHG 1.0 mt GGE 13 g GGE 10 g GGE
SO2 5.0 kg 67 mg 52 mg
CO 0.49 kg 6.5 mg 5.0 mg
NOX 1.7 kg 22 mg 17 mg
VOC 0.043 kg 0.57 mg 0.44 mg
PM10 0.055 kg 0.74 mg 0.57 mg
Pb 0.000079 kg 0.0010 mg 0.00081 mg
I, Parking Energy 24 GJ 320 kJ 250 kJ
GHG 2.0 mt GGE 27 g GGE 21 g GGE
SO2 5.9 kg 79 mg 61 mg
CO 8.6 kg 110 mg 88 mg
NOX 11 kg 140 mg 110 mg
VOC 8.5 kg 110 mg 87 mg
PM10 4.4 kg 59 mg 45 mg
Pb 0.0011 kg 0.015 mg 0.012 mg
F, Refining & Distribution Energy 35 GJ 470 kJ 360 kJ
GHG 3.2 mt GGE 43 g GGE 33 g GGE
SO2 6.0 kg 80 mg 62 mg
CO 8.8 kg 120 mg 90 mg
NOX 5.1 kg 68 mg 53 mg
VOC 3.8 kg 51 mg 39 mg
PM10 0.84 kg 11 mg 8.6 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 29
6.2 Motorcycle ( 4 Cylinder, with Emissions Control) Life­cycle
Inventory
Table 5 – Motorcycle ( 4 Cylinder, with Emissions Control) Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory
Life‐ Cycle Component I/ O per Vehicle‐ Life per VMT per PMT
V, Manufacture Energy 120 GJ 1,500 kJ 1,200 kJ
GHG 9.8 mt GGE 130 g GGE 100 g GGE
SO2 21 kg 280 mg 220 mg
CO 120 kg 1,600 mg 1,200 mg
NOX 20 kg 260 mg 200 mg
VOC 22 kg 290 mg 220 mg
PM10 8.0 kg 110 mg 82 mg
Pb 43 g 570 μg 440 μg
V, Operation ( Running) Energy 250 GJ 3,300 kJ 2,500 kJ
GHG 16 mt GGE 220 g GGE 170 g GGE
SO2 0.93 kg 12 mg 9.5 mg
CO 920 kg 12,000 mg 9,500 mg
NOX 18 kg 240 mg 190 mg
VOC 110 kg 1,500 mg 1,200 mg
PM10 2.9 kg 39 mg 30 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
V, Operation ( Start) CO 160 kg 2,100 mg 1,600 mg
NOX 16 kg 220 mg 170 mg
VOC 16 kg 210 mg 160 mg
V, Operation ( Tire) PM10 0.30 kg 4.0 mg 3.1 mg
V, Operation ( Brake) PM10 0.94 kg 13 mg 9.6 mg
V, Automotive Repair GHG 380 g GGE 5,100 μg GGE 3,900 μg GGE
V, Automotive Repair VOC 8.8 kg 120 mg 90 mg
V, Evaporative Losses VOC 14 kg 190 mg 140 mg
V, Tire Production Energy 23 GJ 310 kJ 240 kJ
GHG 1.7 mt GGE 22 g GGE 17 g GGE
SO2 3.0 kg 40 mg 31 mg
CO 23 kg 310 mg 240 mg
NOX 3.1 kg 42 mg 32 mg
VOC 4.0 kg 53 mg 41 mg
PM10 ‐ ‐ ‐
Pb 1,800 g 23,000 μg 18,000 μg
V, Maintenance Energy 20 GJ 270 kJ 210 kJ
GHG 1.7 mt GGE 23 g GGE 18 g GGE
SO2 4.3 kg 58 mg 44 mg
CO 21 kg 280 mg 220 mg
NOX 3.9 kg 52 mg 40 mg
VOC 4.0 kg 53 mg 41 mg
PM10 0.011 kg 0.14 mg 0.11 mg
Pb 1,300 g 17,000 μg 13,000 μg
V, Fixed Costs / Insurance Energy 5.3 GJ 71 kJ 54 kJ
GHG 0.43 mt GGE 5.8 g GGE 4.4 g GGE
SO2 1.1 kg 14 mg 11 mg
CO 4.8 kg 64 mg 49 mg
NOX 1.2 kg 16 mg 12 mg
VOC 0.89 kg 12 mg 9.1 mg
PM10 0.23 kg 3.0 mg 2.3 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 30
Table 6 – Motorcycle ( 4 Cylinder, with Emissions Control) Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory
Life‐ Cycle Component I/ O per Vehicle‐ Life per VMT per PMT
I, Roadway Construction Energy 65 GJ 860 kJ 670 kJ
GHG 5.4 mt GGE 73 g GGE 56 g GGE
SO2 17 kg 230 mg 170 mg
CO 17 kg 230 mg 170 mg
NOX 26 kg 350 mg 270 mg
VOC 34 kg 450 mg 350 mg
PM10 15 kg 200 mg 150 mg
Pb 0.0032 kg 0.042 mg 0.032 mg
I, Roadway Maintenance Energy ‐ ‐ ‐
GHG ‐ ‐ ‐
SO2 ‐ ‐ ‐
CO ‐ ‐ ‐
NOX ‐ ‐ ‐
VOC ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 ‐ ‐ ‐
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
I, Herbicides / Salting Energy 380 MJ 5.0 kJ 3.8 kJ
GHG 28 kg GGE 370 mg GGE 290 mg GGE
SO2 13 mg 0.17 μg 0.13 μg
CO 100 mg 1.4 μg 1.0 μg
NOX 37 mg 0.50 μg 0.38 μg
VOC 40 mg 0.53 μg 0.41 μg
PM10 7.7 mg 0.10 μg 0.079 μg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
I, Roadway Lighting Energy 4.8 GJ 64 kJ 49 kJ
GHG 1.0 mt GGE 13 g GGE 10 g GGE
SO2 5.0 kg 67 mg 52 mg
CO 0.49 kg 6.5 mg 5.0 mg
NOX 1.7 kg 22 mg 17 mg
VOC 0.043 kg 0.57 mg 0.44 mg
PM10 0.055 kg 0.74 mg 0.57 mg
Pb 0.000079 kg 0.0010 mg 0.00081 mg
I, Parking Energy 24 GJ 320 kJ 250 kJ
GHG 2.0 mt GGE 27 g GGE 21 g GGE
SO2 5.9 kg 79 mg 61 mg
CO 8.6 kg 110 mg 88 mg
NOX 11 kg 140 mg 110 mg
VOC 8.5 kg 110 mg 87 mg
PM10 4.4 kg 59 mg 45 mg
Pb 0.0011 kg 0.015 mg 0.012 mg
F, Refining & Distribution Energy 35 GJ 470 kJ 360 kJ
GHG 3.2 mt GGE 43 g GGE 33 g GGE
SO2 6.0 kg 80 mg 62 mg
CO 8.8 kg 120 mg 90 mg
NOX 5.1 kg 68 mg 53 mg
VOC 3.8 kg 51 mg 39 mg
PM10 0.84 kg 11 mg 8.6 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 31
6.3 Motorcycle ( 2 Cylinder, no Emissions Control) Life­cycle
Inventory
Table 7 – Motorcycle ( 2 Cylinder, no Emissions Control) Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory
Life‐ Cycle Component I/ O per Vehicle‐ Life per VMT per PMT
V, Manufacture Energy 120 GJ 1,700 kJ 1,300 kJ
GHG 10 mt GGE 140 g GGE 110 g GGE
SO2 23 kg 300 mg 230 mg
CO 130 kg 1,700 mg 1,300 mg
NOX 21 kg 280 mg 210 mg
VOC 23 kg 310 mg 240 mg
PM10 8.6 kg 110 mg 88 mg
Pb 0.046 kg 0.61 mg 0.47 mg
V, Operation ( Running) Energy 220 GJ 3,000 kJ 2,300 kJ
GHG 15 mt GGE 200 g GGE 150 g GGE
SO2 0.84 kg 11 mg 8.6 mg
CO 2,900 kg 38,000 mg 29,000 mg
NOX 4.5 kg 60 mg 46 mg
VOC 490 kg 6,500 mg 5,000 mg
PM10 2.7 kg 36 mg 27 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
V, Operation ( Start) CO 490 kg 6,500 mg 5,000 mg
NOX 4.0 kg 53 mg 41 mg
VOC 68 kg 910 mg 700 mg
V, Operation ( Tire) PM10 0.30 kg 4.0 mg 3.1 mg
V, Operation ( Brake) PM10 0.94 kg 13 mg 9.6 mg
V, Automotive Repair GHG 380 g GGE 5,100 μg GGE 3,900 μg GGE
V, Automotive Repair VOC 8.8 kg 120 mg 90 mg
V, Evaporative Losses VOC 60 kg 800 mg 620 mg
V, Tire Production Energy 28 GJ 370 kJ 290 kJ
GHG 2.0 mt GGE 27 g GGE 21 g GGE
SO2 3.6 kg 48 mg 37 mg
CO 28 kg 370 mg 290 mg
NOX 3.8 kg 50 mg 38 mg
VOC 4.8 kg 64 mg 49 mg
PM10 ‐ ‐ ‐
Pb 2.1 kg 28 mg 22 mg
V, Maintenance Energy 22 GJ 290 kJ 220 kJ
GHG 1.9 mt GGE 25 g GGE 19 g GGE
SO2 4.6 kg 62 mg 47 mg
CO 23 kg 300 mg 230 mg
NOX 4.2 kg 56 mg 43 mg
VOC 4.3 kg 57 mg 44 mg
PM10 0.012 kg 0.15 mg 0.12 mg
Pb 1.4 kg 19 mg 14 mg
V, Fixed Costs / Insurance Energy 2.5 GJ 34 kJ 26 kJ
GHG 0.21 mt GGE 2.8 g GGE 2.1 g GGE
SO2 0.51 kg 6.8 mg 5.2 mg
CO 2.3 kg 31 mg 24 mg
NOX 0.57 kg 7.7 mg 5.9 mg
VOC 0.43 kg 5.7 mg 4.4 mg
PM10 0.11 kg 1.4 mg 1.1 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 32
Table 8 – Motorcycle ( 2 Cylinder, no Emissions Control) Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory
Life‐ Cycle Component I/ O per Vehicle‐ Life per VMT per PMT
I, Roadway Construction Energy 65 GJ 860 kJ 670 kJ
GHG 5.4 mt GGE 73 g GGE 56 g GGE
SO2 ‐ ‐ ‐
CO 17 kg 230 mg 170 mg
NOX 26 kg 350 mg 270 mg
VOC 34 kg 450 mg 350 mg
PM10 15 kg 200 mg 150 mg
Pb 0.0032 kg 0.042 mg 0.032 mg
I, Roadway Maintenance Energy ‐ ‐ ‐
GHG ‐ ‐ ‐
SO2 ‐ ‐ ‐
CO ‐ ‐ ‐
NOX ‐ ‐ ‐
VOC ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 ‐ ‐ ‐
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
I, Herbicides / Salting Energy 380 MJ 5.0 kJ 3.8 kJ
GHG 28 kg GGE 370 mg GGE 290 mg GGE
SO2 13 mg 0.17 μg 0.13 μg
CO 100 mg 1.4 μg 1.0 μg
NOX 37 mg 0.50 μg 0.38 μg
VOC 40 mg 0.53 μg 0.41 μg
PM10 7.7 mg 0.10 μg 0.079 μg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
I, Roadway Lighting Energy 4.8 GJ 64 kJ 49 kJ
GHG 1.0 mt GGE 13 g GGE 10 g GGE
SO2 5.0 kg 67 mg 52 mg
CO 0.49 kg 6.5 mg 5.0 mg
NOX 1.7 kg 22 mg 17 mg
VOC 0.043 kg 0.57 mg 0.44 mg
PM10 0.055 kg 0.74 mg 0.57 mg
Pb 0.000079 kg 0.0010 mg 0.00081 mg
I, Parking Energy 24 GJ 320 kJ 250 kJ
GHG 2.0 mt GGE 27 g GGE 21 g GGE
SO2 5.9 kg 79 mg 61 mg
CO 8.6 kg 110 mg 88 mg
NOX 11 kg 140 mg 110 mg
VOC 8.5 kg 110 mg 87 mg
PM10 4.4 kg 59 mg 45 mg
Pb 0.0011 kg 0.015 mg 0.012 mg
F, Refining & Distribution Energy 32 GJ 430 kJ 330 kJ
GHG 2.9 mt GGE 39 g GGE 30 g GGE
SO2 5.5 kg 73 mg 56 mg
CO 8.0 kg 110 mg 82 mg
NOX 4.7 kg 62 mg 48 mg
VOC 3.5 kg 46 mg 36 mg
PM10 0.76 kg 10 mg 7.8 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 33
6.4 Motorcycle ( 2 Cylinder, with Emissions Control) Life­cycle
Inventory
Table 9 – Motorcycle ( 2 Cylinder, with Emissions Control) Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory
Life‐ Cycle Component I/ O per Vehicle‐ Life per VMT per PMT
V, Manufacture Energy 120 GJ 1,700 kJ 1,300 kJ
GHG 10 mt GGE 140 g GGE 110 g GGE
SO2 23 kg 300 mg 230 mg
CO 130 kg 1,700 mg 1,300 mg
NOX 21 kg 280 mg 210 mg
VOC 23 kg 310 mg 240 mg
PM10 8.6 kg 110 mg 88 mg
Pb 0.046 kg 0.61 mg 0.47 mg
V, Operation ( Running) Energy 220 GJ 3,000 kJ 2,300 kJ
GHG 15 mt GGE 200 g GGE 150 g GGE
SO2 0.84 kg 11 mg 8.6 mg
CO 340 kg 4,500 mg 3,500 mg
NOX 2.2 kg 30 mg 23 mg
VOC 300 kg 4,000 mg 3,100 mg
PM10 2.7 kg 36 mg 27 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
V, Operation ( Start) CO 58 kg 770 mg 590 mg
NOX 2.0 kg 26 mg 20 mg
VOC 42 kg 560 mg 430 mg
V, Operation ( Tire) PM10 0.30 kg 4.0 mg 3.1 mg
V, Operation ( Brake) PM10 0.94 kg 13 mg 9.6 mg
V, Automotive Repair GHG 380 g GGE 5,100 μg GGE 3,900 μg GGE
V, Automotive Repair VOC 8.8 kg 120 mg 90 mg
V, Evaporative Losses VOC 37 kg 490 mg 380 mg
V, Tire Production Energy 28 GJ 370 kJ 290 kJ
GHG 2.0 mt GGE 27 g GGE 21 g GGE
SO2 3.6 kg 48 mg 37 mg
CO 28 kg 370 mg 290 mg
NOX 3.8 kg 50 mg 38 mg
VOC 4.8 kg 64 mg 49 mg
PM10 ‐ ‐ ‐
Pb 2.1 kg 28 mg 22 mg
V, Maintenance Energy 22 GJ 290 kJ 220 kJ
GHG 1.9 mt GGE 25 g GGE 19 g GGE
SO2 4.6 kg 62 mg 47 mg
CO 23 kg 300 mg 230 mg
NOX 4.2 kg 56 mg 43 mg
VOC 4.3 kg 57 mg 44 mg
PM10 0.012 kg 0.15 mg 0.12 mg
Pb 1.4 kg 19 mg 14 mg
V, Fixed Costs / Insurance Energy 2.5 GJ 34 kJ 26 kJ
GHG 0.21 mt GGE 2.8 g GGE 2.1 g GGE
SO2 0.51 kg 6.8 mg 5.2 mg
CO 2.3 kg 31 mg 24 mg
NOX 0.57 kg 7.7 mg 5.9 mg
VOC 0.43 kg 5.7 mg 4.4 mg
PM10 0.11 kg 1.4 mg 1.1 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 34
Table 10 – Motorcycle ( 2 Cylinder, with Emissions Control) Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory
Life‐ Cycle Component I/ O per Vehicle‐ Life per VMT per PMT
I, Roadway Construction Energy 65 GJ 860 kJ 670 kJ
GHG 5.4 mt GGE 73 g GGE 56 g GGE
SO2 0.0032 kg 0.042 mg 0.032 mg
CO 17 kg 230 mg 170 mg
NOX 26 kg 350 mg 270 mg
VOC 34 kg 450 mg 350 mg
PM10 15 kg 200 mg 150 mg
Pb 0.0032 kg 0.042 mg 0.032 mg
I, Roadway Maintenance Energy ‐ ‐ ‐
GHG ‐ ‐ ‐
SO2 ‐ ‐ ‐
CO ‐ ‐ ‐
NOX ‐ ‐ ‐
VOC ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 ‐ ‐ ‐
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
I, Herbicides / Salting Energy 380 MJ 5.0 kJ 3.8 kJ
GHG 28 kg GGE 370 mg GGE 290 mg GGE
SO2 13 mg 0.17 μg 0.13 μg
CO 100 mg 1.4 μg 1.0 μg
NOX 37 mg 0.50 μg 0.38 μg
VOC 40 mg 0.53 μg 0.41 μg
PM10 7.7 mg 0.10 μg 0.079 μg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
I, Roadway Lighting Energy 4.8 GJ 64 kJ 49 kJ
GHG 1.0 mt GGE 13 g GGE 10 g GGE
SO2 5.0 kg 67 mg 52 mg
CO 0.49 kg 6.5 mg 5.0 mg
NOX 1.7 kg 22 mg 17 mg
VOC 0.043 kg 0.57 mg 0.44 mg
PM10 0.055 kg 0.74 mg 0.57 mg
Pb 0.000079 kg 0.0010 mg 0.00081 mg
I, Parking Energy 24 GJ 320 kJ 250 kJ
GHG 2.0 mt GGE 27 g GGE 21 g GGE
SO2 5.9 kg 79 mg 61 mg
CO 8.6 kg 110 mg 88 mg
NOX 11 kg 140 mg 110 mg
VOC 8.5 kg 110 mg 87 mg
PM10 4.4 kg 59 mg 45 mg
Pb 0.0011 kg 0.015 mg 0.012 mg
F, Refining & Distribution Energy 32 GJ 430 kJ 330 kJ
GHG 2.9 mt GGE 39 g GGE 30 g GGE
SO2 5.5 kg 73 mg 56 mg
CO 8.0 kg 110 mg 82 mg
NOX 4.7 kg 62 mg 48 mg
VOC 3.5 kg 46 mg 36 mg
PM10 0.76 kg 10 mg 7.8 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 35
6.5 Motorcycle ( Sports Bike) Life­cycle
Inventory
Table 11 – Motorcycle ( Sports Bike) Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory
Life‐ Cycle Component I/ O per Vehicle‐ Life per VMT per PMT
V, Manufacture Energy 82 GJ 1,400 kJ 1,400 kJ
GHG 7.0 mt GGE 120 g GGE 120 g GGE
SO2 15 kg 250 mg 250 mg
CO 84 kg 1,400 mg 1,400 mg
NOX 14 kg 230 mg 230 mg
VOC 15 kg 260 mg 260 mg
PM10 5.7 kg 95 mg 95 mg
Pb 0.031 kg 0.51 mg 0.51 mg
V, Operation ( Running) Energy 240 GJ 4,000 kJ 4,000 kJ
GHG 16 mt GGE 270 g GGE 270 g GGE
SO2 0.91 kg 15 mg 15 mg
CO 1,800 kg 30,000 mg 30,000 mg
NOX 36 kg 600 mg 600 mg
VOC 260 kg 4,400 mg 4,400 mg
PM10 2.9 kg 48 mg 48 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
V, Operation ( Start) CO 310 kg 5,100 mg 5,100 mg
NOX 32 kg 530 mg 530 mg
VOC 37 kg 610 mg 610 mg
V, Operation ( Tire) PM10 0.24 kg 4.0 mg 4.0 mg
V, Operation ( Brake) PM10 0.75 kg 13 mg 13 mg
V, Automotive Repair GHG 300 g GGE 5,100 μg GGE 5,100 μg GGE
V, Automotive Repair VOC 7.0 kg 120 mg 120 mg
V, Evaporative Losses VOC 32 kg 540 mg 540 mg
V, Tire Production Energy 37 GJ 620 kJ 620 kJ
GHG 2.7 mt GGE 45 g GGE 45 g GGE
SO2 4.8 kg 81 mg 81 mg
CO 37 kg 620 mg 620 mg
NOX 5.0 kg 83 mg 83 mg
VOC 6.4 kg 110 mg 110 mg
PM10 ‐ ‐ ‐
Pb 2.8 kg 47 mg 47 mg
V, Maintenance Energy 14 GJ 240 kJ 240 kJ
GHG 1.2 mt GGE 21 g GGE 21 g GGE
SO2 3.1 kg 51 mg 51 mg
CO 15 kg 250 mg 250 mg
NOX 2.8 kg 46 mg 46 mg
VOC 2.8 kg 47 mg 47 mg
PM10 0.0076 kg 0.13 mg 0.13 mg
Pb 0.92 kg 15 mg 15 mg
V, Fixed Costs / Insurance Energy 17 GJ 280 kJ 280 kJ
GHG 1.4 mt GGE 23 g GGE 23 g GGE
SO2 3.4 kg 57 mg 57 mg
CO 15 kg 260 mg 260 mg
NOX 3.8 kg 64 mg 64 mg
VOC 2.8 kg 47 mg 47 mg
PM10 0.72 kg 12 mg 12 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 36
Table 12 – Motorcycle ( Sports Bike) Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory
Life‐ Cycle Component I/ O per Vehicle‐ Life per VMT per PMT
I, Roadway Construction Energy 52 GJ 860 kJ 860 kJ
GHG 4.4 mt GGE 73 g GGE 73 g GGE
SO2 ‐ ‐ ‐
CO 14 kg 230 mg 230 mg
NOX 21 kg 350 mg 350 mg
VOC 27 kg 450 mg 450 mg
PM10 12 kg 200 mg 200 mg
Pb 0.0025 kg 0.042 mg 0.042 mg
I, Roadway Maintenance Energy ‐ ‐ ‐
GHG ‐ ‐ ‐
SO2 ‐ ‐ ‐
CO ‐ ‐ ‐
NOX ‐ ‐ ‐
VOC ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 ‐ ‐ ‐
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
I, Herbicides / Salting Energy 300 MJ 5.0 kJ 5.0 kJ
GHG 22 kg GGE 370 mg GGE 370 mg GGE
SO2 10 mg 0.17 μg 0.17 μg
CO 82 mg 1.4 μg 1.4 μg
NOX 30 mg 0.50 μg 0.50 μg
VOC 32 mg 0.53 μg 0.53 μg
PM10 6.2 mg 0.10 μg 0.10 μg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
I, Roadway Lighting Energy 3.8 GJ 64 kJ 64 kJ
GHG 0.81 mt GGE 13 g GGE 13 g GGE
SO2 4.0 kg 67 mg 67 mg
CO 0.39 kg 6.5 mg 6.5 mg
NOX 1.3 kg 22 mg 22 mg
VOC 0.034 kg 0.57 mg 0.57 mg
PM10 0.044 kg 0.74 mg 0.74 mg
Pb 0.000063 kg 0.0010 mg 0.0010 mg
I, Parking Energy 19 GJ 320 kJ 320 kJ
GHG 1.6 mt GGE 27 g GGE 27 g GGE
SO2 4.8 kg 79 mg 79 mg
CO 6.9 kg 110 mg 110 mg
NOX 8.4 kg 140 mg 140 mg
VOC 6.8 kg 110 mg 110 mg
PM10 3.5 kg 59 mg 59 mg
Pb 0.00092 kg 0.015 mg 0.015 mg
F, Refining & Distribution Energy 35 GJ 580 kJ 580 kJ
GHG 3.1 mt GGE 52 g GGE 52 g GGE
SO2 5.9 kg 98 mg 98 mg
CO 8.7 kg 140 mg 140 mg
NOX 5.0 kg 84 mg 84 mg
VOC 3.8 kg 63 mg 63 mg
PM10 0.82 kg 14 mg 14 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 37
6.6 Light Duty Diesel Sedan Life­cycle
Inventory
Table 13 – Light Duty Diesel Sedan Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory
Life‐ Cycle Component I/ O per Vehicle‐ Life per VMT per PMT
V, Manufacture Energy 120 GJ 630 kJ 400 kJ
GHG 9.8 mt GGE 52 g GGE 33 g GGE
SO2 23 kg 120 mg 77 mg
CO 120 kg 640 mg 410 mg
NOX 23 kg 120 mg 76 mg
VOC 24 kg 130 mg 80 mg
PM10 6.5 kg 35 mg 22 mg
Pb 0.031 kg 0.17 mg 0.10 mg
V, Operation ( Running) Energy 870 GJ 4,700 kJ 2,900 kJ
GHG 65 mt GGE 340 g GGE 220 g GGE
SO2 0.60 kg 3.2 mg 2.0 mg
CO 150 kg 810 mg 510 mg
NOX 240 kg 1,300 mg 800 mg
VOC 62 kg 330 mg 210 mg
PM10 30 kg 160 mg 100 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
V, Operation ( Start) CO 140 kg 760 mg 480 mg
NOX 14 kg 72 mg 46 mg
VOC 47 kg 250 mg 160 mg
V, Operation ( Tire) PM10 1.5 kg 8.0 mg 5.1 mg
V, Operation ( Brake) PM10 2.3 kg 13 mg 7.9 mg
V, Automotive Repair GHG 950 g GGE 5,100 μg GGE 3,200 μg GGE
V, Automotive Repair VOC 22 kg 120 mg 74 mg
V, Evaporative Losses VOC ‐ ‐ ‐
V, Tire Production Energy 19 GJ 99 kJ 63 kJ
GHG 1.3 mt GGE 7.2 g GGE 4.5 g GGE
SO2 2.4 kg 13 mg 8.2 mg
CO 19 kg 100 mg 63 mg
NOX 2.5 kg 13 mg 8.4 mg
VOC 3.2 kg 17 mg 11 mg
PM10 ‐ ‐ ‐
Pb 1.4 kg 7.5 mg 4.7 mg
V, Maintenance Energy 40 GJ 210 kJ 140 kJ
GHG 3.3 mt GGE 17 g GGE 11 g GGE
SO2 8.4 kg 45 mg 28 mg
CO 33 kg 180 mg 110 mg
NOX 7.7 kg 41 mg 26 mg
VOC 9.7 kg 52 mg 33 mg
PM10 ‐ ‐ ‐
Pb 1.6 kg 8.8 mg 5.6 mg
V, Fixed Costs / Insurance Energy 13 GJ 69 kJ 44 kJ
GHG 1.1 mt GGE 5.6 g GGE 3.6 g GGE
SO2 2.6 kg 14 mg 8.7 mg
CO 12 kg 62 mg 39 mg
NOX 2.9 kg 16 mg 9.8 mg
VOC 2.2 kg 12 mg 7.3 mg
PM10 0.55 kg 2.9 mg 1.9 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 38
Table 14 – Light Duty Diesel Sedan Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory
Life‐ Cycle Component I/ O per Vehicle‐ Life per VMT per PMT
I, Roadway Construction Energy 160 GJ 860 kJ 550 kJ
GHG 14 mt GGE 73 g GGE 46 g GGE
SO2 26 kg 140 mg 89 mg
CO 42 kg 230 mg 140 mg
NOX 65 kg 350 mg 220 mg
VOC 85 kg 450 mg 290 mg
PM10 37 kg 200 mg 120 mg
Pb 0.0079 kg 0.042 mg 0.027 mg
I, Roadway Maintenance Energy ‐ ‐ ‐
GHG ‐ ‐ ‐
SO2 ‐ ‐ ‐
CO ‐ ‐ ‐
NOX ‐ ‐ ‐
VOC ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 ‐ ‐ ‐
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
I, Herbicides / Salting Energy 940 MJ 5.0 kJ 3.2 kJ
GHG 70 kg GGE 370 mg GGE 240 mg GGE
SO2 140 mg 0.74 μg 0.47 μg
CO 250 mg 1.4 μg 0.86 μg
NOX 93 mg 0.50 μg 0.31 μg
VOC 100 mg 0.53 μg 0.34 μg
PM10 19 mg 0.10 μg 0.065 μg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
I, Roadway Lighting Energy 12 GJ 64 kJ 40 kJ
GHG 2.5 mt GGE 13 g GGE 8.5 g GGE
SO2 13 kg 67 mg 43 mg
CO 1.2 kg 6.5 mg 4.1 mg
NOX 4.2 kg 22 mg 14 mg
VOC 0.11 kg 0.57 mg 0.36 mg
PM10 0.14 kg 0.74 mg 0.47 mg
Pb 0.00020 kg 0.0010 mg 0.00066 mg
I, Parking Energy 15 GJ 79 kJ 50 kJ
GHG 1.2 mt GGE 6.6 g GGE 4.2 g GGE
SO2 3.6 kg 19 mg 12 mg
CO 5.2 kg 28 mg 18 mg
NOX 6.4 kg 34 mg 22 mg
VOC 5.2 kg 27 mg 17 mg
PM10 2.7 kg 14 mg 9.0 mg
Pb 0.00070 kg 0.0037 mg 0.0024 mg
F, Refining & Distribution Energy 110 GJ 610 kJ 390 kJ
GHG 10 mt GGE 56 g GGE 35 g GGE
SO2 20 kg 100 mg 66 mg
CO 29 kg 150 mg 97 mg
NOX 17 kg 91 mg 57 mg
VOC 12 kg 66 mg 42 mg
PM10 2.8 kg 15 mg 9.4 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 39
6.7 Light Duty Diesel Truck Life­cycle
Inventory
Table 15 – Light Duty Diesel Truck Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory
Life‐ Cycle Component I/ O per Vehicle‐ Life per VMT per PMT
V, Manufacture Energy 110 GJ 670 kJ 460 kJ
GHG 9.5 mt GGE 55 g GGE 38 g GGE
SO2 22 kg 130 mg 88 mg
CO 120 kg 680 mg 470 mg
NOX 22 kg 130 mg 88 mg
VOC 23 kg 130 mg 92 mg
PM10 6.4 kg 37 mg 25 mg
Pb 0.030 kg 0.18 mg 0.12 mg
V, Operation ( Running) Energy 1,300 GJ 7,700 kJ 5,300 kJ
GHG 98 mt GGE 570 g GGE 390 g GGE
SO2 0.92 kg 5.4 mg 3.7 mg
CO 120 kg 710 mg 490 mg
NOX 230 kg 1,300 mg 910 mg
VOC 81 kg 470 mg 320 mg
PM10 25 kg 150 mg 100 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
V, Operation ( Start) CO 120 kg 680 mg 460 mg
NOX 12 kg 70 mg 48 mg
VOC 58 kg 340 mg 230 mg
V, Operation ( Tire) PM10 1.4 kg 8.0 mg 5.5 mg
V, Operation ( Brake) PM10 2.2 kg 13 mg 8.6 mg
V, Automotive Repair GHG 870 g GGE 5,100 μg GGE 3,500 μg GGE
V, Automotive Repair VOC 20 kg 120 mg 80 mg
V, Evaporative Losses VOC ‐ ‐ ‐
V, Tire Production Energy 17 GJ 99 kJ 68 kJ
GHG 1.2 mt GGE 7.2 g GGE 4.9 g GGE
SO2 2.2 kg 13 mg 8.8 mg
CO 17 kg 100 mg 68 mg
NOX 2.3 kg 13 mg 9.1 mg
VOC 2.9 kg 17 mg 12 mg
PM10 ‐ ‐ ‐
Pb 1.3 kg 7.5 mg 5.1 mg
V, Maintenance Energy 41 GJ 240 kJ 160 kJ
GHG 3.3 mt GGE 19 g GGE 13 g GGE
SO2 8.6 kg 50 mg 34 mg
CO 34 kg 200 mg 140 mg
NOX 7.9 kg 46 mg 31 mg
VOC 10.0 kg 58 mg 40 mg
PM10 ‐ ‐ ‐
Pb 1.7 kg 9.8 mg 6.7 mg
V, Fixed Costs / Insurance Energy 12 GJ 71 kJ 48 kJ
GHG 0.99 mt GGE 5.8 g GGE 4.0 g GGE
SO2 2.4 kg 14 mg 9.7 mg
CO 11 kg 64 mg 44 mg
NOX 2.7 kg 16 mg 11 mg
VOC 2.0 kg 12 mg 8.1 mg
PM10 0.52 kg 3.0 mg 2.1 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 40
Table 16 – Light Duty Diesel Truck Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory
Life‐ Cycle Component I/ O per Vehicle‐ Life per VMT per PMT
I, Roadway Construction Energy 150 GJ 860 kJ 590 kJ
GHG 13 mt GGE 73 g GGE 50 g GGE
SO2 24 kg 140 mg 96 mg
CO 39 kg 230 mg 150 mg
NOX 60 kg 350 mg 240 mg
VOC 78 kg 450 mg 310 mg
PM10 34 kg 200 mg 130 mg
Pb 0.0073 kg 0.042 mg 0.029 mg
I, Roadway Maintenance Energy ‐ ‐ ‐
GHG ‐ ‐ ‐
SO2 ‐ ‐ ‐
CO ‐ ‐ ‐
NOX ‐ ‐ ‐
VOC ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 ‐ ‐ ‐
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
I, Herbicides / Salting Energy 860 MJ 5.0 kJ 3.4 kJ
GHG 64 kg GGE 370 mg GGE 260 mg GGE
SO2 130 mg 0.75 μg 0.51 μg
CO 230 mg 1.4 μg 0.93 μg
NOX 86 mg 0.50 μg 0.34 μg
VOC 92 mg 0.53 μg 0.36 μg
PM10 18 mg 0.10 μg 0.071 μg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
I, Roadway Lighting Energy 11 GJ 64 kJ 44 kJ
GHG 2.3 mt GGE 13 g GGE 9.2 g GGE
SO2 12 kg 67 mg 46 mg
CO 1.1 kg 6.5 mg 4.4 mg
NOX 3.8 kg 22 mg 15 mg
VOC 0.099 kg 0.58 mg 0.39 mg
PM10 0.13 kg 0.74 mg 0.51 mg
Pb 0.00018 kg 0.0011 mg 0.00072 mg
I, Parking Energy 15 GJ 87 kJ 59 kJ
GHG 1.3 mt GGE 7.3 g GGE 5.0 g GGE
SO2 3.7 kg 21 mg 15 mg
CO 5.3 kg 31 mg 21 mg
NOX 6.5 kg 38 mg 26 mg
VOC 5.2 kg 30 mg 21 mg
PM10 2.7 kg 16 mg 11 mg
Pb 0.00071 kg 0.0041 mg 0.0028 mg
F, Refining & Distribution Energy 180 GJ 1,000 kJ 700 kJ
GHG 16 mt GGE 93 g GGE 63 g GGE
SO2 30 kg 170 mg 120 mg
CO 44 kg 260 mg 170 mg
NOX 26 kg 150 mg 100 mg
VOC 19 kg 110 mg 76 mg
PM10 4.2 kg 25 mg 17 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 41
6.8 School Bus Life­cycle
Inventory
Table 17 – School Bus Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory
Life‐ Cycle Component I/ O per Vehicle‐ Life per VMT per PMT
V, Manufacture Energy 490 GJ 2,900 kJ 47 kJ
GHG 39 mt GGE 230 g GGE 3.7 g GGE
SO2 95 kg 580 mg 9.1 mg
CO 440 kg 2,700 mg 43 mg
NOX 86 kg 520 mg 8.3 mg
VOC 110 kg 680 mg 11 mg
PM10 25 kg 150 mg 2.4 mg
Pb 0.12 kg 0.70 mg 0.011 mg
V, Operation ( Running) Energy 3,700 GJ 22,000 kJ 350 kJ
GHG 270 mt GGE 1,600 g GGE 26 g GGE
SO2 2.5 kg 15 mg 0.24 mg
CO 440 kg 2,700 mg 42 mg
NOX 2,000 kg 12,000 mg 200 mg
VOC 120 kg 740 mg 12 mg
PM10 130 kg 810 mg 13 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
V, Operation ( Start) CO ‐ ‐ ‐
NOX ‐ ‐ ‐
VOC ‐ ‐ ‐
V, Operation ( Tire) PM10 2.0 kg 12 mg 0.19 mg
V, Operation ( Brake) PM10 2.1 kg 13 mg 0.20 mg
V, Automotive Repair GHG 840 g GGE 5,100 μg GGE 81 μg GGE
V, Automotive Repair VOC 19 kg 120 mg 1.9 mg
V, Evaporative Losses VOC ‐ ‐ ‐
V, Tire Production Energy 18 GJ 110 kJ 1.7 kJ
GHG 1.3 mt GGE 7.7 g GGE 0.12 g GGE
SO2 2.3 kg 14 mg 0.22 mg
CO 18 kg 110 mg 1.7 mg
NOX 2.4 kg 14 mg 0.23 mg
VOC 3.0 kg 18 mg 0.29 mg
PM10 ‐ ‐ ‐
Pb 1.3 kg 8.1 mg 0.13 mg
V, Maintenance Energy 270 GJ 1,700 kJ 26 kJ
GHG 22 mt GGE 130 g GGE 2.1 g GGE
SO2 57 kg 350 mg 5.5 mg
CO 230 kg 1,400 mg 22 mg
NOX 52 kg 320 mg 5.0 mg
VOC 66 kg 400 mg 6.4 mg
PM10 ‐ ‐ ‐
Pb 11 kg 68 mg 1.1 mg
V, Fixed Costs / Insurance Energy 110 GJ 650 kJ 10 kJ
GHG 8.8 mt GGE 53 g GGE 0.84 g GGE
SO2 22 kg 130 mg 2.1 mg
CO 97 kg 590 mg 9.4 mg
NOX 24 kg 150 mg 2.3 mg
VOC 18 kg 110 mg 1.7 mg
PM10 4.6 kg 28 mg 0.44 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 42
Table 18 – School Bus Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory
Life‐ Cycle Component I/ O per Vehicle‐ Life per VMT per PMT
I, Roadway Construction Energy 150 GJ 890 kJ 14 kJ
GHG 12 mt GGE 75 g GGE 1.2 g GGE
SO2 24 kg 150 mg 2.3 mg
CO 38 kg 230 mg 3.7 mg
NOX 59 kg 360 mg 5.7 mg
VOC 77 kg 470 mg 7.4 mg
PM10 33 kg 200 mg 3.2 mg
Pb 0.0072 kg 0.044 mg 0.00069 mg
I, Roadway Maintenance Energy 7,200 GJ 44,000 kJ 690 kJ
GHG 610 mt GGE 3,700 g GGE 58 g GGE
SO2 1,200 kg 7,100 mg 110 mg
CO 1,900 kg 11,000 mg 180 mg
NOX 2,800 kg 17,000 mg 270 mg
VOC 3,900 kg 24,000 mg 380 mg
PM10 1,600 kg 10,000 mg 160 mg
Pb 0.36 kg 2.2 mg 0.034 mg
I, Herbicides / Salting Energy 800 MJ 4.9 kJ 0.077 kJ
GHG 60 kg GGE 360 mg GGE 5.7 mg GGE
SO2 46 mg 0.28 μg 0.0044 μg
CO 220 mg 1.3 μg 0.021 μg
NOX 80 mg 0.48 μg 0.0077 μg
VOC 85 mg 0.52 μg 0.0082 μg
PM10 16 mg 0.100 μg 0.0016 μg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
I, Roadway Lighting Energy 10 GJ 62 kJ 0.99 kJ
GHG 2.2 mt GGE 13 g GGE 0.21 g GGE
SO2 11 kg 65 mg 1.0 mg
CO 1.0 kg 6.3 mg 0.100 mg
NOX 3.6 kg 22 mg 0.34 mg
VOC 0.092 kg 0.56 mg 0.0089 mg
PM10 0.12 kg 0.72 mg 0.011 mg
Pb 0.00017 kg 0.0010 mg 0.000016 mg
I, Parking Energy ‐ ‐ ‐
GHG ‐ ‐ ‐
SO2 ‐ ‐ ‐
CO ‐ ‐ ‐
NOX ‐ ‐ ‐
VOC ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 ‐ ‐ ‐
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
F, Refining & Distribution Energy 480 GJ 2,900 kJ 46 kJ
GHG 44 mt GGE 270 g GGE 4.2 g GGE
SO2 82 kg 500 mg 7.9 mg
CO 120 kg 730 mg 12 mg
NOX 71 kg 430 mg 6.9 mg
VOC 52 kg 320 mg 5.0 mg
PM10 12 kg 71 mg 1.1 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 43
6.9 Electric Bus Life­cycle
Inventory
Table 19 – Electric Bus Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory
Life‐ Cycle Component I/ O per Vehicle‐ Life per VMT per PMT
V, Manufacture Energy 1,900 GJ 12,000 kJ 190 kJ
GHG 150 mt GGE 940 g GGE 15 g GGE
SO2 380 kg 2,300 mg 37 mg
CO 1,800 kg 11,000 mg 170 mg
NOX 350 kg 2,100 mg 33 mg
VOC 450 kg 2,700 mg 43 mg
PM10 99 kg 600 mg 9.6 mg
Pb 0.46 kg 2.8 mg 0.044 mg
V, Operation ( Running) Energy 5,600 GJ 34,000 kJ 540 kJ
GHG 310 mt GGE 1,900 g GGE 30 g GGE
SO2 1,800 kg 11,000 mg 170 mg
CO 180 kg 1,100 mg 17 mg
NOX 100 kg 620 mg 9.8 mg
VOC 47 kg 280 mg 4.5 mg
PM10 19 kg 120 mg 1.8 mg
Pb 0.0011 kg 0.0069 mg 0.00011 mg
V, Operation ( Start) CO ‐ ‐ ‐
NOX ‐ ‐ ‐
VOC ‐ ‐ ‐
V, Operation ( Tire) PM10 6.0 kg 36 mg 0.58 mg
V, Operation ( Brake) PM10 6.3 kg 38 mg 0.60 mg
V, Automotive Repair GHG 83 g GGE 500 μg GGE 8.0 μg GGE
V, Automotive Repair VOC 1.9 kg 12 mg 0.18 mg
V, Evaporative Losses VOC ‐ ‐ ‐
V, Tire Production Energy 200 GJ 1,200 kJ 19 kJ
GHG 11 mt GGE 66 g GGE 1.1 g GGE
SO2 61 kg 370 mg 5.9 mg
CO 6.2 kg 37 mg 0.59 mg
NOX 3.6 kg 22 mg 0.34 mg
VOC 1.6 kg 9.9 mg 0.16 mg
PM10 0.67 kg 4.0 mg 0.064 mg
Pb 0.000040 kg 0.00024 mg 0.0000038 mg
V, Maintenance Energy 18 GJ 110 kJ 1.7 kJ
GHG 1.3 mt GGE 7.7 g GGE 0.12 g GGE
SO2 2.3 kg 14 mg 0.22 mg
CO 18 kg 110 mg 1.7 mg
NOX 2.4 kg 14 mg 0.23 mg
VOC 3.0 kg 18 mg 0.29 mg
PM10 ‐ ‐ ‐
Pb 1.3 kg 8.1 mg 0.13 mg
V, Fixed Costs / Insurance Energy 270 GJ 1,700 kJ 26 kJ
GHG 22 mt GGE 130 g GGE 2.1 g GGE
SO2 57 kg 350 mg 5.5 mg
CO 230 kg 1,400 mg 22 mg
NOX 52 kg 320 mg 5.0 mg
VOC 66 kg 400 mg 6.4 mg
PM10 ‐ ‐ ‐
Pb 11 kg 68 mg 1.1 mg
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 44
Table 20 – Electric Bus Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory
Life‐ Cycle Component I/ O per Vehicle‐ Life per VMT per PMT
I, Roadway Construction Energy 260 GJ 1,600 kJ 25 kJ
GHG 22 mt GGE 130 g GGE 2.1 g GGE
SO2 42 kg 250 mg 4.0 mg
CO 67 kg 410 mg 6.4 mg
NOX 100 kg 630 mg 9.9 mg
VOC 130 kg 820 mg 13 mg
PM10 130 kg 820 mg 13 mg
Pb 0.013 kg 0.076 mg 0.0012 mg
I, Roadway Maintenance Energy 300 GJ 1,800 kJ 29 kJ
GHG 26 mt GGE 150 g GGE 2.5 g GGE
SO2 49 kg 300 mg 4.7 mg
CO 79 kg 480 mg 7.6 mg
NOX 120 kg 710 mg 11 mg
VOC 160 kg 1,000 mg 16 mg
PM10 69 kg 420 mg 6.6 mg
Pb 0.015 kg 0.091 mg 0.0014 mg
I, Herbicides / Salting Energy 590 MJ 3.6 kJ 0.057 kJ
GHG 44 kg GGE 270 mg GGE 4.2 mg GGE
SO2 88 mg 0.53 μg 0.0084 μg
CO 160 mg 0.97 μg 0.015 μg
NOX 59 mg 0.35 μg 0.0056 μg
VOC 63 mg 0.38 μg 0.0060 μg
PM10 12 mg 0.073 μg 0.0012 μg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
I, Roadway Lighting Energy 7.5 GJ 46 kJ 0.72 kJ
GHG 1.6 mt GGE 9.6 g GGE 0.15 g GGE
SO2 7.9 kg 48 mg 0.76 mg
CO 0.76 kg 4.6 mg 0.073 mg
NOX 2.6 kg 16 mg 0.25 mg
VOC 0.068 kg 0.41 mg 0.0065 mg
PM10 0.087 kg 0.53 mg 0.0084 mg
Pb 0.00012 kg 0.00075 mg 0.000012 mg
I, Parking Energy ‐ ‐ ‐
GHG ‐ ‐ ‐
SO2 ‐ ‐ ‐
CO ‐ ‐ ‐
NOX ‐ ‐ ‐
VOC ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 ‐ ‐ ‐
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
F, Refining & Distribution Energy 2,500 GJ 15,000 kJ 240 kJ
GHG 110 mt GGE 680 g GGE 11 g GGE
SO2 2,000 kg 12,000 mg 190 mg
CO 150 kg 900 mg 14 mg
NOX 170 kg 1,100 mg 17 mg
VOC 17 kg 100 mg 1.6 mg
PM10 8.2 kg 50 mg 0.79 mg
Pb 0.00088 kg 0.0053 mg 0.000084 mg
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 45
6.10 New York City Metro Life­cycle
Inventory
Table 21 – New York City Metro Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory
Life‐ Cycle Component I/ O per Vehicle‐ Life per VMT per PMT
V, Manufacture Energy 22 TJ 11 MJ 0.050 MJ
GHG 1,300 mt GGE 660 g GGE 3.0 g GGE
SO2 5,000 kg 2,500 mg 11 mg
CO 1,500 kg 750 mg 3.5 mg
NOX 2,700 kg 1,400 mg 6.3 mg
VOC 690 kg 340 mg 1.6 mg
Pb 5.7 kg 2.8 mg 13 μg
PM10 1,400 kg 690 mg 3,200 μg
V, Operation ( Active) Energy 200 TJ 99 MJ 0.46 MJ
GHG 20,000 mt GGE 9,900 g GGE 46 g GGE
SO2 100,000 kg 49,000 mg 230 mg
CO 28,000 kg 14,000 mg 64 mg
NOX 27,000 kg 14,000 mg 63 mg
VOC 1,000 kg 500 mg 2.3 mg
Pb 1.2 kg 0.58 mg 2.7 μg
PM10 1,200 kg 610 mg 2,800 μg
V, Operation ( Idling) Energy 100 TJ 51 MJ 0.23 MJ
GHG 10,000 mt GGE 5,000 g GGE 23 g GGE
SO2 51,000 kg 25,000 mg 120 mg
CO 14,000 kg 7,100 mg 33 mg
NOX 14,000 kg 6,900 mg 32 mg
VOC 510 kg 250 mg 1.2 mg
Pb 0.60 kg 0.30 mg 1.4 μg
PM10 620 kg 310 mg 1,400 μg
V, Operation ( HVAC) Energy 30 TJ 15 MJ 0.069 MJ
GHG 3,000 mt GGE 1,500 g GGE 6.9 g GGE
SO2 15,000 kg 7,400 mg 34 mg
CO 4,200 kg 2,100 mg 9.6 mg
NOX 4,100 kg 2,000 mg 9.4 mg
VOC 150 kg 75 mg 0.34 mg
Pb 0.18 kg 0.088 mg 0.40 μg
PM10 180 kg 92 mg 420 μg
V, Maintenance Energy 18 TJ 8.8 MJ 0.041 MJ
GHG 810 mt GGE 400 g GGE 1.9 g GGE
SO2 2,200 kg 1,100 mg 5.1 mg
CO 2,000 kg 1,000 mg 4.6 mg
NOX 1,900 kg 940 mg 4.3 mg
VOC 2,900 kg 1,500 mg 6.7 mg
Pb 7.9 kg 3.9 mg 18 μg
PM10 560 kg 280 mg 1,300 μg
V, Maintenance ( Cleaning) Energy 0.32 TJ 0.16 MJ 0.00073 MJ
GHG 13 mt GGE 6.6 g GGE 0.030 g GGE
SO2 66 kg 33 mg 0.15 mg
CO 19 kg 9.2 mg 0.043 mg
NOX 18 kg 9.0 mg 0.041 mg
VOC 0.66 kg 0.33 mg 0.0015 mg
Pb 0.00078 kg 0.00039 mg 0.0018 μg
PM10 0.81 kg 0.40 mg 1.9 μg
V, Maintenance ( Flooring) Energy 0.53 TJ 0.26 MJ 0.0012 MJ
GHG 40 mt GGE 20 g GGE 0.092 g GGE
SO2 82 kg 41 mg 0.19 mg
CO 290 kg 150 mg 0.67 mg
NOX 74 kg 37 mg 0.17 mg
VOC 67 kg 33 mg 0.15 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 13 kg 6.6 mg 31 μg
V, Insurance ( Employees) Energy 31 TJ 16 MJ 0.072 MJ
GHG 2,600 mt GGE 1,300 g GGE 5.9 g GGE
SO2 6,300 kg 3,100 mg 14 mg
CO 28,000 kg 14,000 mg 65 mg
NOX 7,100 kg 3,500 mg 16 mg
VOC 5,200 kg 2,600 mg 12 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 1,300 kg 660 mg 3,100 μg
V, Insurance ( Vehicles) Energy 1.2 TJ 0.59 MJ 0.0027 MJ
GHG 97 mt GGE 48 g GGE 0.22 g GGE
SO2 240 kg 120 mg 0.55 mg
CO 1,100 kg 530 mg 2.5 mg
NOX 270 kg 130 mg 0.61 mg
VOC 200 kg 99 mg 0.46 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 51 kg 25 mg 120 μg
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 46
Table 22 – New York City Metro Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory
Life‐ Cycle Component I/ O per Vehicle‐ Life per VMT per PMT
I, Station Construction Energy 110 TJ 56 MJ 0.26 MJ
GHG 11,000 mt GGE 5,600 g GGE 26 g GGE
SO2 34,000 kg 17,000 mg 78 mg
CO 92,000 kg 46,000 mg 210 mg
NOX 47,000 kg 23,000 mg 110 mg
VOC 30,000 kg 15,000 mg 68 mg
Pb 5.2 kg 2.6 mg 12 μg
PM10 6,000 kg 3,000 mg 14,000 μg
I, Station Lighting Energy 73 TJ 36 MJ 0.17 MJ
GHG 7,300 mt GGE 3,600 g GGE 17 g GGE
SO2 36,000 kg 18,000 mg 83 mg
CO 10,000 kg 5,100 mg 23 mg
NOX 10,000 kg 4,900 mg 23 mg
VOC 360 kg 180 mg 0.84 mg
Pb 0.43 kg 0.21 mg 0.98 μg
PM10 450 kg 220 mg 1,000 μg
I, Station Escalators Energy 3.6 TJ 1.8 MJ 0.0083 MJ
GHG 360 mt GGE 180 g GGE 0.82 g GGE
SO2 1,800 kg 890 mg 4.1 mg
CO 500 kg 250 mg 1.2 mg
NOX 490 kg 240 mg 1.1 mg
VOC 18 kg 8.9 mg 0.041 mg
Pb 0.021 kg 0.011 mg 0.048 μg
PM10 22 kg 11 mg 51 μg
I, Station Train Control Energy 15 TJ 7.3 MJ 0.034 MJ
GHG 1,500 mt GGE 730 g GGE 3.3 g GGE
SO2 7,300 kg 3,600 mg 17 mg
CO 2,100 kg 1,000 mg 4.7 mg
NOX 2,000 kg 990 mg 4.6 mg
VOC 73 kg 36 mg 0.17 mg
Pb 0.086 kg 0.043 mg 0.20 μg
PM10 90 kg 45 mg 210 μg
I, Station Parking Lighting Energy ‐ ‐ ‐
GHG ‐ ‐ ‐
SO2 ‐ ‐ ‐
CO ‐ ‐ ‐
NOX ‐ ‐ ‐
VOC ‐ ‐ ‐
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 ‐ ‐ ‐
I, Station Miscellaneous Energy 5.4 TJ 2.7 MJ 0.012 MJ
GHG 530 mt GGE 260 g GGE 1.2 g GGE
SO2 2,700 kg 1,300 mg 6.1 mg
CO 750 kg 370 mg 1.7 mg
NOX 730 kg 360 mg 1.7 mg
VOC 27 kg 13 mg 0.061 mg
Pb 0.031 kg 0.016 mg 0.072 μg
PM10 33 kg 16 mg 75 μg
I, Station Maintenance Energy 11 TJ 5.6 MJ 0.026 MJ
GHG 1,100 mt GGE 560 g GGE 2.6 g GGE
SO2 3,400 kg 1,700 mg 7.8 mg
CO 9,200 kg 4,600 mg 21 mg
NOX 4,700 kg 2,300 mg 11 mg
VOC 3,000 kg 1,500 mg 6.8 mg
Pb 0.52 kg 0.26 mg 1.2 μg
PM10 600 kg 300 mg 1,400 μg
I, Station Cleaning Energy 0.32 TJ 0.16 MJ 0.00073 MJ
GHG 13 mt GGE 6.6 g GGE 0.030 g GGE
SO2 66 kg 33 mg 0.15 mg
CO 19 kg 9.2 mg 0.043 mg
NOX 18 kg 9.0 mg 0.041 mg
VOC 0.66 kg 0.33 mg 0.0015 mg
Pb 0.00078 kg 0.00039 mg 0.0018 μg
PM10 0.81 kg 0.40 mg 1.9 μg
I, Station Parking Energy ‐ ‐ ‐
GHG ‐ ‐ ‐
SO2 ‐ ‐ ‐
CO ‐ ‐ ‐
NOX ‐ ‐ ‐
VOC ‐ ‐ ‐
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 ‐ ‐ ‐
( Table 22 continued on the following page…)
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 47
Table 22 – New York City Metro Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory ( continued)
Life‐ Cycle Component I/ O per Vehicle‐ Life per VMT per PMT
I, Track/ Power Construction Energy 3.2 TJ 1.6 MJ 0.0074 MJ
GHG 300 mt GGE 150 g GGE 0.69 g GGE
SO2 630 kg 310 mg 1.4 mg
CO 2,700 kg 1,300 mg 6.2 mg
NOX 660 kg 330 mg 1.5 mg
VOC 430 kg 210 mg 0.98 mg
Pb 1.1 kg 0.57 mg 2.6 μg
PM10 240 kg 120 mg 550 μg
I, Track Maintenance Energy 4.0 TJ 2.0 MJ 0.0091 MJ
GHG 160 mt GGE 82 g GGE 0.38 g GGE
SO2 150 kg 77 mg 0.35 mg
CO 80 kg 40 mg 0.18 mg
NOX 270 kg 140 mg 0.62 mg
VOC 54 kg 27 mg 0.12 mg
Pb 0.18 kg 0.090 mg 0.42 μg
PM10 46 kg 23 mg 110 μg
I, Insurance ( Employees) Energy 20 TJ 10 MJ 0.046 MJ
GHG 1,600 mt GGE 820 g GGE 3.8 g GGE
SO2 4,000 kg 2,000 mg 9.3 mg
CO 18,000 kg 9,100 mg 42 mg
NOX 4,600 kg 2,300 mg 10 mg
VOC 3,400 kg 1,700 mg 7.8 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 860 kg 430 mg 2,000 μg
I, Insurance ( Facilities) Energy 0.76 TJ 0.38 MJ 0.0018 MJ
GHG 63 mt GGE 31 g GGE 0.14 g GGE
SO2 150 kg 76 mg 0.35 mg
CO 690 kg 340 mg 1.6 mg
NOX 170 kg 86 mg 0.40 mg
VOC 130 kg 64 mg 0.29 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 33 kg 16 mg 75 μg
F, Supply Chain ( Vehicles) Energy 58 TJ 29 MJ 0.13 MJ
GHG 1,100 mt GGE 550 g GGE 2.5 g GGE
SO2 13,000 kg 6,700 mg 31 mg
CO 3,800 kg 1,900 mg 8.7 mg
NOX 3,800 kg 1,900 mg 8.8 mg
VOC 140 kg 72 mg 0.33 mg
Pb 0.031 kg 0.015 mg 0.070 μg
PM10 110 kg 53 mg 250 μg
F, T& D Losses ( Vehicles) Energy 35 TJ 18 MJ 0.081 MJ
GHG 370 mt GGE 190 g GGE 0.85 g GGE
SO2 1,900 kg 930 mg 4.3 mg
CO 520 kg 260 mg 1.2 mg
NOX 510 kg 250 mg 1.2 mg
VOC 19 kg 9.3 mg 0.043 mg
Pb 0.022 kg 0.011 mg 0.050 μg
PM10 23 kg 11 mg 53 μg
F, Supply Chain ( Infrastructure) Energy 17 TJ 8.4 MJ 0.039 MJ
GHG 320 mt GGE 160 g GGE 0.74 g GGE
SO2 3,900 kg 1,900 mg 9.0 mg
CO 1,100 kg 550 mg 2.5 mg
NOX 1,100 kg 550 mg 2.5 mg
VOC 42 kg 21 mg 0.096 mg
Pb 0.0089 kg 0.0044 mg 0.020 μg
PM10 31 kg 16 mg 72 μg
F, T& D Losses ( Infrastructure) Energy 10 TJ 5.1 MJ 0.024 MJ
GHG 110 mt GGE 54 g GGE 0.25 g GGE
SO2 540 kg 270 mg 1.2 mg
CO 150 kg 76 mg 0.35 mg
NOX 150 kg 74 mg 0.34 mg
VOC 5.4 kg 2.7 mg 0.012 mg
Pb 0.0064 kg 0.0032 mg 0.015 μg
PM10 6.7 kg 3.3 mg 15 μg
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 48
6.11 NY/ NJ PATH Metro Life­cycle
Inventory
Table 23 – NY/ NJ PATH Metro Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory
Life‐ Cycle Component I/ O per Vehicle‐ Life per VMT per PMT
V, Manufacture Energy 17 TJ 11 MJ 0.067 MJ
GHG 1,000 mt GGE 640 g GGE 4.1 g GGE
SO2 3,800 kg 2,400 mg 15 mg
CO 1,200 kg 740 mg 4.7 mg
NOX 2,100 kg 1,300 mg 8.4 mg
VOC 530 kg 330 mg 2.1 mg
Pb 4.4 kg 2.8 mg 18 μg
PM10 1,100 kg 680 mg 4,300 μg
V, Operation ( Active) Energy 170 TJ 100 MJ 0.66 MJ
GHG 15,000 mt GGE 9,200 g GGE 59 g GGE
SO2 85,000 kg 53,000 mg 340 mg
CO 2,800 kg 1,800 mg 11 mg
NOX 15,000 kg 9,400 mg 60 mg
VOC 930 kg 590 mg 3.7 mg
Pb 0.73 kg 0.46 mg 2.9 μg
PM10 690 kg 440 mg 2,800 μg
V, Operation ( Idling) Energy 85 TJ 53 MJ 0.34 MJ
GHG 7,500 mt GGE 4,700 g GGE 30 g GGE
SO2 43,000 kg 27,000 mg 170 mg
CO 1,400 kg 910 mg 5.7 mg
NOX 7,600 kg 4,800 mg 30 mg
VOC 480 kg 300 mg 1.9 mg
Pb 0.37 kg 0.23 mg 1.5 μg
PM10 350 kg 220 mg 1,400 μg
V, Operation ( HVAC) Energy 23 TJ 14 MJ 0.092 MJ
GHG 2,000 mt GGE 1,300 g GGE 8.1 g GGE
SO2 12,000 kg 7,400 mg 47 mg
CO 390 kg 250 mg 1.6 mg
NOX 2,100 kg 1,300 mg 8.3 mg
VOC 130 kg 81 mg 0.52 mg
Pb 0.10 kg 0.064 mg 0.40 μg
PM10 96 kg 60 mg 380 μg
V, Maintenance Energy 14 TJ 8.6 MJ 0.055 MJ
GHG 630 mt GGE 390 g GGE 2.5 g GGE
SO2 1,700 kg 1,100 mg 6.9 mg
CO 1,600 kg 980 mg 6.2 mg
NOX 1,500 kg 920 mg 5.8 mg
VOC 2,300 kg 1,400 mg 9.0 mg
Pb 6.1 kg 3.8 mg 24 μg
PM10 430 kg 270 mg 1,700 μg
V, Maintenance ( Cleaning) Energy 0.25 TJ 0.15 MJ 0.00098 MJ
GHG 10 mt GGE 6.4 g GGE 0.041 g GGE
SO2 51 kg 32 mg 0.20 mg
CO 14 kg 9.0 mg 0.057 mg
NOX 14 kg 8.8 mg 0.056 mg
VOC 0.51 kg 0.32 mg 0.0020 mg
Pb 0.00060 kg 0.00038 mg 0.0024 μg
PM10 0.63 kg 0.39 mg 2.5 μg
V, Maintenance ( Flooring) Energy 0.41 TJ 0.26 MJ 0.0016 MJ
GHG 31 mt GGE 19 g GGE 0.12 g GGE
SO2 63 kg 40 mg 0.25 mg
CO 230 kg 140 mg 0.90 mg
NOX 57 kg 36 mg 0.23 mg
VOC 52 kg 33 mg 0.21 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 10 kg 6.5 mg 41 μg
V, Insurance ( Employees) Energy 23 TJ 15 MJ 0.093 MJ
GHG 1,900 mt GGE 1,200 g GGE 7.6 g GGE
SO2 4,700 kg 2,900 mg 19 mg
CO 21,000 kg 13,000 mg 84 mg
NOX 5,300 kg 3,300 mg 21 mg
VOC 3,900 kg 2,500 mg 16 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 1,000 kg 630 mg 4,000 μg
V, Insurance ( Vehicles) Energy 3.8 TJ 2.4 MJ 0.015 MJ
GHG 310 mt GGE 200 g GGE 1.2 g GGE
SO2 770 kg 480 mg 3.1 mg
CO 3,500 kg 2,200 mg 14 mg
NOX 870 kg 540 mg 3.4 mg
VOC 640 kg 400 mg 2.6 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 160 kg 100 mg 650 μg
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 49
Table 24 – NY/ NJ PATH Metro Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory
Life‐ Cycle Component I/ O per Vehicle‐ Life per VMT per PMT
I, Station Construction Energy 33 TJ 21 MJ 0.13 MJ
GHG 3,300 mt GGE 2,100 g GGE 13 g GGE
SO2 10,000 kg 6,300 mg 40 mg
CO 27,000 kg 17,000 mg 110 mg
NOX 14,000 kg 8,600 mg 55 mg
VOC 8,700 kg 5,500 mg 35 mg
Pb 1.5 kg 0.97 mg 6.1 μg
PM10 1,800 kg 1,100 mg 7,000 μg
I, Station Lighting Energy 25 TJ 16 MJ 0.100 MJ
GHG 2,200 mt GGE 1,400 g GGE 8.8 g GGE
SO2 13,000 kg 8,100 mg 51 mg
CO 430 kg 270 mg 1.7 mg
NOX 2,300 kg 1,400 mg 9.0 mg
VOC 140 kg 89 mg 0.56 mg
Pb 0.11 kg 0.069 mg 0.44 μg
PM10 100 kg 66 mg 420 μg
I, Station Escalators Energy 1.0 TJ 0.63 MJ 0.0040 MJ
GHG 89 mt GGE 56 g GGE 0.35 g GGE
SO2 510 kg 320 mg 2.0 mg
CO 17 kg 11 mg 0.068 mg
NOX 90 kg 57 mg 0.36 mg
VOC 5.6 kg 3.5 mg 0.022 mg
Pb 0.0044 kg 0.0028 mg 0.018 μg
PM10 4.2 kg 2.6 mg 17 μg
I, Station Train Control Energy 6.4 TJ 4.0 MJ 0.025 MJ
GHG 560 mt GGE 360 g GGE 2.2 g GGE
SO2 3,300 kg 2,100 mg 13 mg
CO 110 kg 68 mg 0.43 mg
NOX 570 kg 360 mg 2.3 mg
VOC 36 kg 23 mg 0.14 mg
Pb 0.028 kg 0.018 mg 0.11 μg
PM10 27 kg 17 mg 110 μg
I, Station Parking Lighting Energy ‐ ‐ ‐
GHG ‐ ‐ ‐
SO2 ‐ ‐ ‐
CO ‐ ‐ ‐
NOX ‐ ‐ ‐
VOC ‐ ‐ ‐
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 ‐ ‐ ‐
I, Station Miscellaneous Energy 2.0 TJ 1.3 MJ 0.0081 MJ
GHG 180 mt GGE 110 g GGE 0.72 g GGE
SO2 1,000 kg 650 mg 4.1 mg
CO 35 kg 22 mg 0.14 mg
NOX 180 kg 110 mg 0.73 mg
VOC 11 kg 7.2 mg 0.045 mg
Pb 0.0089 kg 0.0056 mg 0.035 μg
PM10 8.5 kg 5.3 mg 34 μg
I, Station Maintenance Energy 3.3 TJ 2.1 MJ 0.013 MJ
GHG 330 mt GGE 210 g GGE 1.3 g GGE
SO2 1,000 kg 630 mg 4.0 mg
CO 2,700 kg 1,700 mg 11 mg
NOX 1,400 kg 860 mg 5.5 mg
VOC 870 kg 550 mg 3.5 mg
Pb 0.15 kg 0.097 mg 0.61 μg
PM10 180 kg 110 mg 700 μg
I, Station Cleaning Energy 0.25 TJ 0.15 MJ 0.00098 MJ
GHG 10 mt GGE 6.4 g GGE 0.041 g GGE
SO2 51 kg 32 mg 0.20 mg
CO 14 kg 9.0 mg 0.057 mg
NOX 14 kg 8.8 mg 0.056 mg
VOC 0.51 kg 0.32 mg 0.0020 mg
Pb 0.00060 kg 0.00038 mg 0.0024 μg
PM10 0.63 kg 0.39 mg 2.5 μg
I, Station Parking Energy ‐ ‐ ‐
GHG ‐ ‐ ‐
SO2 ‐ ‐ ‐
CO ‐ ‐ ‐
NOX ‐ ‐ ‐
VOC ‐ ‐ ‐
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 ‐ ‐ ‐
( Table 24 continued on the following page…)
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 50
Table 24 – NY/ NJ PATH Metro Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory ( continued)
Life‐ Cycle Component I/ O per Vehicle‐ Life per VMT per PMT
I, Track/ Power Construction Energy 2.1 TJ 1.3 MJ 0.0085 MJ
GHG 200 mt GGE 120 g GGE 0.79 g GGE
SO2 510 kg 320 mg 2.0 mg
CO 1,700 kg 1,100 mg 6.8 mg
NOX 600 kg 380 mg 2.4 mg
VOC 410 kg 260 mg 1.6 mg
Pb 0.44 kg 0.27 mg 1.7 μg
PM10 130 kg 82 mg 520 μg
I, Track Maintenance Energy 3.3 TJ 2.1 MJ 0.013 MJ
GHG 140 mt GGE 86 g GGE 0.54 g GGE
SO2 130 kg 80 mg 0.51 mg
CO 66 kg 41 mg 0.26 mg
NOX 230 kg 140 mg 0.90 mg
VOC 44 kg 28 mg 0.18 mg
Pb 0.15 kg 0.095 mg 0.60 μg
PM10 38 kg 24 mg 150 μg
I, Insurance ( Employees) Energy 20 TJ 12 MJ 0.078 MJ
GHG 1,600 mt GGE 1,000 g GGE 6.4 g GGE
SO2 3,900 kg 2,500 mg 16 mg
CO 18,000 kg 11,000 mg 71 mg
NOX 4,400 kg 2,800 mg 18 mg
VOC 3,300 kg 2,100 mg 13 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 840 kg 530 mg 3,300 μg
I, Insurance ( Facilities) Energy 3.2 TJ 2.0 MJ 0.013 MJ
GHG 260 mt GGE 160 g GGE 1.0 g GGE
SO2 640 kg 410 mg 2.6 mg
CO 2,900 kg 1,800 mg 12 mg
NOX 730 kg 460 mg 2.9 mg
VOC 540 kg 340 mg 2.1 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 140 kg 86 mg 550 μg
F, Supply Chain ( Vehicles) Energy 3.6 TJ 2.2 MJ 0.014 MJ
GHG 68 mt GGE 43 g GGE 0.27 g GGE
SO2 830 kg 520 mg 3.3 mg
CO 230 kg 150 mg 0.93 mg
NOX 230 kg 150 mg 0.94 mg
VOC 8.9 kg 5.6 mg 0.035 mg
Pb 0.0019 kg 0.0012 mg 0.0075 μg
PM10 6.6 kg 4.1 mg 26 μg
F, T& D Losses ( Vehicles) Energy 29 TJ 18 MJ 0.12 MJ
GHG 270 mt GGE 170 g GGE 1.1 g GGE
SO2 1,600 kg 990 mg 6.3 mg
CO 53 kg 33 mg 0.21 mg
NOX 280 kg 170 mg 1.1 mg
VOC 17 kg 11 mg 0.069 mg
Pb 0.014 kg 0.0085 mg 0.054 μg
PM10 13 kg 8.1 mg 51 μg
F, Supply Chain ( Infrastructure) Energy 0.45 TJ 0.28 MJ 0.0018 MJ
GHG 8.6 mt GGE 5.4 g GGE 0.034 g GGE
SO2 100 kg 66 mg 0.42 mg
CO 29 kg 18 mg 0.12 mg
NOX 30 kg 19 mg 0.12 mg
VOC 1.1 kg 0.70 mg 0.0045 mg
Pb 0.00024 kg 0.00015 mg 0.00095 μg
PM10 0.83 kg 0.52 mg 3.3 μg
F, T& D Losses ( Infrastructure) Energy 3.7 TJ 2.3 MJ 0.015 MJ
GHG 34 mt GGE 22 g GGE 0.14 g GGE
SO2 200 kg 130 mg 0.79 mg
CO 6.6 kg 4.2 mg 0.026 mg
NOX 35 kg 22 mg 0.14 mg
VOC 2.2 kg 1.4 mg 0.0087 mg
Pb 0.0017 kg 0.0011 mg 0.0068 μg
PM10 1.6 kg 1.0 mg 6.5 μg
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 51
6.12 Newark Light Rail Life­cycle
Inventory
Table 25 – Newark Light Rail Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory
Life‐ Cycle Component I/ O per Vehicle‐ Life per VMT per PMT
V, Manufacture Energy 0.77 TJ 0.38 MJ 0.016 MJ
GHG 39 mt GGE 19 g GGE 0.81 g GGE
SO2 190 kg 97 mg 4.1 mg
CO 310 kg 160 mg 6.7 mg
NOX 110 kg 55 mg 2.4 mg
VOC 28 kg 14 mg 0.60 mg
Pb 0.77 kg 0.38 mg 16 μg
PM10 77 kg 38 mg 1,600 μg
V, Operation ( Active) Energy 14 TJ 7.1 MJ 0.30 MJ
GHG 1,300 mt GGE 630 g GGE 27 g GGE
SO2 7,400 kg 3,700 mg 160 mg
CO 240 kg 120 mg 5.2 mg
NOX 1,300 kg 640 mg 27 mg
VOC 81 kg 40 mg 1.7 mg
Pb 0.063 kg 0.031 mg 1.3 μg
PM10 60 kg 30 mg 1,300 μg
V, Operation ( Idling) Energy 7.3 TJ 3.6 MJ 0.15 MJ
GHG 650 mt GGE 320 g GGE 14 g GGE
SO2 3,700 kg 1,900 mg 79 mg
CO 120 kg 62 mg 2.6 mg
NOX 660 kg 330 mg 14 mg
VOC 41 kg 20 mg 0.87 mg
Pb 0.032 kg 0.016 mg 0.68 μg
PM10 30 kg 15 mg 640 μg
V, Operation ( HVAC) Energy 2.2 TJ 1.1 MJ 0.046 MJ
GHG 190 mt GGE 95 g GGE 4.0 g GGE
SO2 1,100 kg 550 mg 23 mg
CO 37 kg 18 mg 0.78 mg
NOX 190 kg 97 mg 4.1 mg
VOC 12 kg 6.0 mg 0.26 mg
Pb 0.0095 kg 0.0047 mg 0.20 μg
PM10 9.0 kg 4.5 mg 190 μg
V, Maintenance Energy 0.16 TJ 0.078 MJ 0.0033 MJ
GHG 7.8 mt GGE 3.9 g GGE 0.16 g GGE
SO2 22 kg 11 mg 0.47 mg
CO 27 kg 13 mg 0.57 mg
NOX 24 kg 12 mg 0.52 mg
VOC 15 kg 7.5 mg 0.32 mg
Pb 0.16 kg 0.077 mg 3.3 μg
PM10 6.5 kg 3.2 mg 140 μg
V, Maintenance ( Cleaning) Energy 0.013 TJ 0.0062 MJ 0.00026 MJ
GHG 0.52 mt GGE 0.26 g GGE 0.011 g GGE
SO2 2.6 kg 1.3 mg 0.055 mg
CO 0.73 kg 0.36 mg 0.015 mg
NOX 0.71 kg 0.35 mg 0.015 mg
VOC 0.026 kg 0.013 mg 0.00055 mg
Pb 0.000031 kg 0.000015 mg 0.00065 μg
PM10 0.032 kg 0.016 mg 0.68 μg
V, Maintenance ( Flooring) Energy 0.021 TJ 0.010 MJ 0.00044 MJ
GHG 1.6 mt GGE 0.79 g GGE 0.033 g GGE
SO2 3.2 kg 1.6 mg 0.068 mg
CO 12 kg 5.7 mg 0.24 mg
NOX 2.9 kg 1.5 mg 0.062 mg
VOC 2.6 kg 1.3 mg 0.056 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 0.53 kg 0.26 mg 11 μg
V, Insurance ( Employees) Energy 4.4 TJ 2.2 MJ 0.093 MJ
GHG 360 mt GGE 180 g GGE 7.6 g GGE
SO2 880 kg 440 mg 19 mg
CO 4,000 kg 2,000 mg 84 mg
NOX 990 kg 490 mg 21 mg
VOC 740 kg 370 mg 16 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 190 kg 93 mg 4,000 μg
V, Insurance ( Vehicles) Energy 0.16 TJ 0.082 MJ 0.0035 MJ
GHG 13 mt GGE 6.7 g GGE 0.29 g GGE
SO2 33 kg 16 mg 0.70 mg
CO 150 kg 74 mg 3.2 mg
NOX 37 kg 19 mg 0.79 mg
VOC 28 kg 14 mg 0.59 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 7.0 kg 3.5 mg 150 μg
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 52
Table 26 – Newark Light Rail Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory
Life‐ Cycle Component I/ O per Vehicle‐ Life per VMT per PMT
I, Station Construction Energy 21 TJ 11 MJ 0.45 MJ
GHG 2,100 mt GGE 1,100 g GGE 45 g GGE
SO2 6,500 kg 3,200 mg 140 mg
CO 18,000 kg 8,700 mg 370 mg
NOX 8,900 kg 4,400 mg 190 mg
VOC 5,600 kg 2,800 mg 120 mg
Pb 0.99 kg 0.49 mg 21 μg
PM10 1,100 kg 570 mg 24,000 μg
I, Station Lighting Energy 16 TJ 8.0 MJ 0.34 MJ
GHG 1,400 mt GGE 710 g GGE 30 g GGE
SO2 8,300 kg 4,100 mg 170 mg
CO 280 kg 140 mg 5.8 mg
NOX 1,500 kg 720 mg 31 mg
VOC 91 kg 45 mg 1.9 mg
Pb 0.071 kg 0.035 mg 1.5 μg
PM10 67 kg 33 mg 1,400 μg
I, Station Escalators Energy 4.6 TJ 2.3 MJ 0.098 MJ
GHG 410 mt GGE 200 g GGE 8.7 g GGE
SO2 2,400 kg 1,200 mg 50 mg
CO 79 kg 39 mg 1.7 mg
NOX 420 kg 210 mg 8.8 mg
VOC 26 kg 13 mg 0.55 mg
Pb 0.020 kg 0.010 mg 0.43 μg
PM10 19 kg 9.6 mg 410 μg
I, Station Train Control Energy 5.1 TJ 2.5 MJ 0.11 MJ
GHG 450 mt GGE 230 g GGE 9.6 g GGE
SO2 2,600 kg 1,300 mg 55 mg
CO 87 kg 43 mg 1.8 mg
NOX 460 kg 230 mg 9.8 mg
VOC 29 kg 14 mg 0.61 mg
Pb 0.022 kg 0.011 mg 0.48 μg
PM10 21 kg 11 mg 450 μg
I, Station Parking Lighting Energy ‐ ‐ ‐
GHG ‐ ‐ ‐
SO2 ‐ ‐ ‐
CO ‐ ‐ ‐
NOX ‐ ‐ ‐
VOC ‐ ‐ ‐
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 ‐ ‐ ‐
I, Station Miscellaneous Energy 7.8 TJ 3.9 MJ 0.16 MJ
GHG 690 mt GGE 340 g GGE 15 g GGE
SO2 4,000 kg 2,000 mg 84 mg
CO 130 kg 66 mg 2.8 mg
NOX 700 kg 350 mg 15 mg
VOC 44 kg 22 mg 0.93 mg
Pb 0.034 kg 0.017 mg 0.72 μg
PM10 33 kg 16 mg 690 μg
I, Station Maintenance Energy 2.1 TJ 1.1 MJ 0.045 MJ
GHG 210 mt GGE 110 g GGE 4.5 g GGE
SO2 650 kg 320 mg 14 mg
CO 1,800 kg 870 mg 37 mg
NOX 890 kg 440 mg 19 mg
VOC 560 kg 280 mg 12 mg
Pb 0.099 kg 0.049 mg 2.1 μg
PM10 110 kg 57 mg 2,400 μg
I, Station Cleaning Energy 0.013 TJ 0.0062 MJ 0.00026 MJ
GHG 0.52 mt GGE 0.26 g GGE 0.011 g GGE
SO2 2.6 kg 1.3 mg 0.055 mg
CO 0.73 kg 0.36 mg 0.015 mg
NOX 0.71 kg 0.35 mg 0.015 mg
VOC 0.026 kg 0.013 mg 0.00055 mg
Pb 0.000031 kg 0.000015 mg 0.00065 μg
PM10 0.032 kg 0.016 mg 0.68 μg
I, Station Parking Energy ‐ ‐ ‐
GHG ‐ ‐ ‐
SO2 ‐ ‐ ‐
CO ‐ ‐ ‐
NOX ‐ ‐ ‐
VOC ‐ ‐ ‐
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 ‐ ‐ ‐
( Table 26 continued on the following page…)
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 53
Table 26 – Newark Light Rail Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory ( continued)
Life‐ Cycle Component I/ O per Vehicle‐ Life per VMT per PMT
I, Track/ Power Construction Energy 2.3 TJ 1.1 MJ 0.049 MJ
GHG 210 mt GGE 110 g GGE 4.5 g GGE
SO2 500 kg 250 mg 11 mg
CO 1,900 kg 920 mg 39 mg
NOX 560 kg 280 mg 12 mg
VOC 370 kg 190 mg 7.9 mg
Pb 0.63 kg 0.31 mg 13 μg
PM10 150 kg 76 mg 3,200 μg
I, Track Maintenance Energy 8.6 TJ 4.3 MJ 0.18 MJ
GHG 630 mt GGE 310 g GGE 13 g GGE
SO2 420 kg 210 mg 8.8 mg
CO 1,400 kg 700 mg 30 mg
NOX 2,900 kg 1,400 mg 62 mg
VOC 300 kg 150 mg 6.4 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 300 kg 150 mg 6,400 μg
I, Insurance ( Employees) Energy 1.6 TJ 0.80 MJ 0.034 MJ
GHG 130 mt GGE 65 g GGE 2.8 g GGE
SO2 320 kg 160 mg 6.8 mg
CO 1,500 kg 720 mg 31 mg
NOX 360 kg 180 mg 7.7 mg
VOC 270 kg 130 mg 5.7 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 69 kg 34 mg 1,500 μg
I, Insurance ( Facilities) Energy 0.060 TJ 0.030 MJ 0.0013 MJ
GHG 4.9 mt GGE 2.5 g GGE 0.10 g GGE
SO2 12 kg 6.0 mg 0.26 mg
CO 55 kg 27 mg 1.2 mg
NOX 14 kg 6.8 mg 0.29 mg
VOC 10 kg 5.0 mg 0.21 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 2.6 kg 1.3 mg 55 μg
F, Supply Chain ( Vehicles) Energy 0.31 TJ 0.15 MJ 0.0065 MJ
GHG 5.9 mt GGE 2.9 g GGE 0.12 g GGE
SO2 72 kg 36 mg 1.5 mg
CO 20 kg 10 mg 0.43 mg
NOX 20 kg 10 mg 0.43 mg
VOC 0.77 kg 0.38 mg 0.016 mg
Pb 0.00016 kg 0.000082 mg 0.0035 μg
PM10 0.57 kg 0.29 mg 12 μg
F, T& D Losses ( Vehicles) Energy 2.5 TJ 1.3 MJ 0.053 MJ
GHG 24 mt GGE 12 g GGE 0.50 g GGE
SO2 140 kg 68 mg 2.9 mg
CO 4.6 kg 2.3 mg 0.097 mg
NOX 24 kg 12 mg 0.51 mg
VOC 1.5 kg 0.75 mg 0.032 mg
Pb 0.0012 kg 0.00059 mg 0.025 μg
PM10 1.1 kg 0.56 mg 24 μg
F, Supply Chain ( Infrastructure) Energy 0.44 TJ 0.22 MJ 0.0092 MJ
GHG 8.4 mt GGE 4.2 g GGE 0.18 g GGE
SO2 100 kg 51 mg 2.2 mg
CO 29 kg 14 mg 0.61 mg
NOX 29 kg 14 mg 0.61 mg
VOC 1.1 kg 0.54 mg 0.023 mg
Pb 0.00023 kg 0.00012 mg 0.0049 μg
PM10 0.81 kg 0.40 mg 17 μg
F, T& D Losses ( Infrastructure) Energy 3.6 TJ 1.8 MJ 0.076 MJ
GHG 34 mt GGE 17 g GGE 0.71 g GGE
SO2 190 kg 97 mg 4.1 mg
CO 6.5 kg 3.2 mg 0.14 mg
NOX 34 kg 17 mg 0.72 mg
VOC 2.1 kg 1.1 mg 0.045 mg
Pb 0.0017 kg 0.00083 mg 0.035 μg
PM10 1.6 kg 0.79 mg 33 μg
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 54
6.13 New York City Commuter Rail Life­cycle
Inventory
Table 27 – New York City Commuter Rail Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory
Life‐ Cycle Component I/ O per Vehicle‐ Life per VMT per PMT
V, Manufacture Energy 30 TJ 16 MJ 0.091 MJ
GHG 1,800 mt GGE 950 g GGE 5.5 g GGE
SO2 6,900 kg 3,600 mg 21 mg
CO 2,100 kg 1,100 mg 6.3 mg
NOX 3,800 kg 2,000 mg 11 mg
VOC 950 kg 500 mg 2.9 mg
Pb 7.9 kg 4.1 mg 24 μg
PM10 1,900 kg 1,000 mg 5,800 μg
V, Operation ( Active) Energy 270 TJ 140 MJ 0.80 MJ
GHG 18,000 mt GGE 9,600 g GGE 56 g GGE
SO2 81 kg 42 mg 0.24 mg
CO 18,000 kg 9,300 mg 54 mg
NOX 350,000 kg 180,000 mg 1,000 mg
VOC 11,000 kg 5,600 mg 33 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 9,300 kg 4,800 mg 28,000 μg
V, Operation ( Idling) Energy 36 TJ 19 MJ 0.11 MJ
GHG 2,500 mt GGE 1,300 g GGE 7.5 g GGE
SO2 11 kg 5.7 mg 0.033 mg
CO 5,700 kg 3,000 mg 17 mg
NOX 58,000 kg 30,000 mg 180 mg
VOC 6,200 kg 3,200 mg 19 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 1,600 kg 850 mg 4,900 μg
V, Operation ( HVAC) Energy 14 TJ 7.4 MJ 0.043 MJ
GHG 990 mt GGE 510 g GGE 3.0 g GGE
SO2 4.3 kg 2.3 mg 0.013 mg
CO 960 kg 500 mg 2.9 mg
NOX 18,000 kg 9,600 mg 56 mg
VOC 580 kg 300 mg 1.7 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 500 kg 260 mg 1,500 μg
V, Maintenance Energy 25 TJ 13 MJ 0.074 MJ
GHG 1,100 mt GGE 580 g GGE 3.4 g GGE
SO2 3,100 kg 1,600 mg 9.3 mg
CO 2,800 kg 1,500 mg 8.4 mg
NOX 2,600 kg 1,400 mg 7.9 mg
VOC 4,100 kg 2,100 mg 12 mg
Pb 11 kg 5.7 mg 33 μg
PM10 780 kg 410 mg 2,300 μg
V, Maintenance ( Cleaning) Energy 0.12 TJ 0.064 MJ 0.00037 MJ
GHG 12 mt GGE 6.4 g GGE 0.037 g GGE
SO2 61 kg 32 mg 0.18 mg
CO 17 kg 9.0 mg 0.052 mg
NOX 17 kg 8.7 mg 0.051 mg
VOC 0.62 kg 0.32 mg 0.0019 mg
Pb 0.00072 kg 0.00038 mg 0.0022 μg
PM10 0.76 kg 0.39 mg 2.3 μg
V, Maintenance ( Flooring) Energy 5.9 TJ 3.1 MJ 0.018 MJ
GHG 470 mt GGE 240 g GGE 1.4 g GGE
SO2 850 kg 440 mg 2.5 mg
CO 4,400 kg 2,300 mg 13 mg
NOX 850 kg 440 mg 2.5 mg
VOC 760 kg 400 mg 2.3 mg
Pb 0.41 kg 0.21 mg 1.2 μg
PM10 290 kg 150 mg 880 μg
V, Insurance ( Employees) Energy 28 TJ 14 MJ 0.083 MJ
GHG 2,300 mt GGE 1,200 g GGE 6.8 g GGE
SO2 5,600 kg 2,900 mg 17 mg
CO 25,000 kg 13,000 mg 76 mg
NOX 6,300 kg 3,300 mg 19 mg
VOC 4,700 kg 2,400 mg 14 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 1,200 kg 620 mg 3,600 μg
V, Insurance ( Vehicles) Energy 2.6 TJ 1.3 MJ 0.0077 MJ
GHG 210 mt GGE 110 g GGE 0.63 g GGE
SO2 510 kg 270 mg 1.5 mg
CO 2,300 kg 1,200 mg 7.0 mg
NOX 580 kg 300 mg 1.7 mg
VOC 430 kg 220 mg 1.3 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 110 kg 57 mg 330 μg
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 55
Table 28 – New York City Commuter Rail Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory
Life‐ Cycle Component I/ O per Vehicle‐ Life per VMT per PMT
I, Station Construction Energy 3.7 TJ 1.9 MJ 0.011 MJ
GHG 370 mt GGE 190 g GGE 1.1 g GGE
SO2 1,100 kg 580 mg 3.4 mg
CO 3,000 kg 1,600 mg 9.1 mg
NOX 1,500 kg 790 mg 4.6 mg
VOC 970 kg 500 mg 2.9 mg
Pb 0.17 kg 0.089 mg 0.51 μg
PM10 200 kg 100 mg 590 μg
I, Station Lighting Energy 9.7 TJ 5.1 MJ 0.029 MJ
GHG 970 mt GGE 500 g GGE 2.9 g GGE
SO2 4,800 kg 2,500 mg 15 mg
CO 1,400 kg 710 mg 4.1 mg
NOX 1,300 kg 690 mg 4.0 mg
VOC 49 kg 25 mg 0.15 mg
Pb 0.057 kg 0.030 mg 0.17 μg
PM10 60 kg 31 mg 180 μg
I, Station Escalators Energy 2.2 TJ 1.1 MJ 0.0065 MJ
GHG 220 mt GGE 110 g GGE 0.65 g GGE
SO2 1,100 kg 560 mg 3.2 mg
CO 300 kg 160 mg 0.91 mg
NOX 300 kg 150 mg 0.89 mg
VOC 11 kg 5.6 mg 0.033 mg
Pb 0.013 kg 0.0066 mg 0.038 μg
PM10 13 kg 6.9 mg 40 μg
I, Station Train Control Energy 13 TJ 6.6 MJ 0.038 MJ
GHG 1,300 mt GGE 660 g GGE 3.8 g GGE
SO2 6,300 kg 3,300 mg 19 mg
CO 1,800 kg 920 mg 5.3 mg
NOX 1,700 kg 900 mg 5.2 mg
VOC 63 kg 33 mg 0.19 mg
Pb 0.075 kg 0.039 mg 0.22 μg
PM10 78 kg 41 mg 230 μg
I, Station Parking Lighting Energy 37 TJ 19 MJ 0.11 MJ
GHG 3,700 mt GGE 1,900 g GGE 11 g GGE
SO2 19,000 kg 9,700 mg 56 mg
CO 5,200 kg 2,700 mg 16 mg
NOX 5,100 kg 2,600 mg 15 mg
VOC 190 kg 97 mg 0.56 mg
Pb 0.22 kg 0.11 mg 0.66 μg
PM10 230 kg 120 mg 690 μg
I, Station Miscellaneous Energy 2.2 TJ 1.2 MJ 0.0067 MJ
GHG 220 mt GGE 120 g GGE 0.67 g GGE
SO2 1,100 kg 580 mg 3.4 mg
CO 310 kg 160 mg 0.94 mg
NOX 310 kg 160 mg 0.92 mg
VOC 11 kg 5.8 mg 0.034 mg
Pb 0.013 kg 0.0068 mg 0.040 μg
PM10 14 kg 7.2 mg 41 μg
I, Station Maintenance Energy 0.37 TJ 0.19 MJ 0.0011 MJ
GHG 37 mt GGE 19 g GGE 0.11 g GGE
SO2 110 kg 58 mg 0.34 mg
CO 300 kg 160 mg 0.91 mg
NOX 150 kg 79 mg 0.46 mg
VOC 97 kg 50 mg 0.29 mg
Pb 0.017 kg 0.0089 mg 0.051 μg
PM10 20 kg 10 mg 59 μg
I, Station Cleaning Energy 0.12 TJ 0.064 MJ 0.00037 MJ
GHG 12 mt GGE 6.4 g GGE 0.037 g GGE
SO2 61 kg 32 mg 0.18 mg
CO 17 kg 9.0 mg 0.052 mg
NOX 17 kg 8.7 mg 0.051 mg
VOC 0.62 kg 0.32 mg 0.0019 mg
Pb 0.00072 kg 0.00038 mg 0.0022 μg
PM10 0.76 kg 0.39 mg 2.3 μg
I, Station Parking Energy 7.2 TJ 3.8 MJ 0.022 MJ
GHG 600 mt GGE 310 g GGE 1.8 g GGE
SO2 1,200 kg 610 mg 3.6 mg
CO 1,900 kg 980 mg 5.6 mg
NOX 3,100 kg 1,600 mg 9.2 mg
VOC 3,600 kg 1,900 mg 11 mg
Pb 0.34 kg 0.18 mg 1.0 μg
PM10 1,600 kg 840 mg 4,900 μg
( Table 28 continued on the following page…)
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 56
Table 28 – New York City Commuter Rail Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory ( continued)
Life‐ Cycle Component I/ O per Vehicle‐ Life per VMT per PMT
I, Track/ Power Construction Energy 1.7 TJ 0.90 MJ 0.0052 MJ
GHG 160 mt GGE 81 g GGE 0.47 g GGE
SO2 290 kg 150 mg 0.87 mg
CO 1,600 kg 840 mg 4.8 mg
NOX 270 kg 140 mg 0.81 mg
VOC 190 kg 96 mg 0.56 mg
Pb 0.73 kg 0.38 mg 2.2 μg
PM10 160 kg 86 mg 490 μg
I, Track Maintenance Energy 16 TJ 8.2 MJ 0.048 MJ
GHG 660 mt GGE 340 g GGE 2.0 g GGE
SO2 610 kg 320 mg 1.8 mg
CO 320 kg 160 mg 0.95 mg
NOX 1,100 kg 560 mg 3.3 mg
VOC 210 kg 110 mg 0.64 mg
Pb 0.72 kg 0.38 mg 2.2 μg
PM10 180 kg 96 mg 560 μg
I, Insurance ( Employees) Energy 13 TJ 6.8 MJ 0.039 MJ
GHG 1,100 mt GGE 560 g GGE 3.2 g GGE
SO2 2,600 kg 1,400 mg 7.9 mg
CO 12,000 kg 6,200 mg 36 mg
NOX 3,000 kg 1,500 mg 8.9 mg
VOC 2,200 kg 1,100 mg 6.6 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 560 kg 290 mg 1,700 μg
I, Insurance ( Facilities) Energy 1.2 TJ 0.63 MJ 0.0036 MJ
GHG 99 mt GGE 51 g GGE 0.30 g GGE
SO2 240 kg 130 mg 0.73 mg
CO 1,100 kg 570 mg 3.3 mg
NOX 270 kg 140 mg 0.82 mg
VOC 200 kg 110 mg 0.61 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 51 kg 27 mg 150 μg
F, Supply Chain ( Vehicles) Energy 42 TJ 22 MJ 0.13 MJ
GHG 3,800 mt GGE 2,000 g GGE 11 g GGE
SO2 7,100 kg 3,700 mg 21 mg
CO 10,000 kg 5,400 mg 31 mg
NOX 6,200 kg 3,200 mg 19 mg
VOC 4,500 kg 2,400 mg 14 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 1,000 kg 520 mg 3,000 μg
F, T& D Losses ( Vehicles) Energy ‐ ‐ ‐
GHG ‐ ‐ ‐
SO2 ‐ ‐ ‐
CO ‐ ‐ ‐
NOX ‐ ‐ ‐
VOC ‐ ‐ ‐
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 ‐ ‐ ‐
F, Supply Chain ( Infrastructure) Energy 11 TJ 5.8 MJ 0.034 MJ
GHG 210 mt GGE 110 g GGE 0.64 g GGE
SO2 2,600 kg 1,400 mg 7.8 mg
CO 730 kg 380 mg 2.2 mg
NOX 740 kg 380 mg 2.2 mg
VOC 28 kg 15 mg 0.084 mg
Pb 0.0059 kg 0.0031 mg 0.018 μg
PM10 21 kg 11 mg 62 μg
F, T& D Losses ( Infrastructure) Energy 6.8 TJ 3.5 MJ 0.020 MJ
GHG 72 mt GGE 37 g GGE 0.22 g GGE
SO2 360 kg 190 mg 1.1 mg
CO 100 kg 53 mg 0.30 mg
NOX 99 kg 51 mg 0.30 mg
VOC 3.6 kg 1.9 mg 0.011 mg
Pb 0.0042 kg 0.0022 mg 0.013 μg
PM10 4.4 kg 2.3 mg 13 μg
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 57
6.14 Chicago Commuter Rail Life­cycle
Inventory
Table 29 – Chicago Commuter Rail Life‐ cycle Vehicle Inventory
Life‐ Cycle Component I/ O per Vehicle‐ Life per VMT per PMT
V, Manufacture Energy 30 TJ 22 MJ 0.096 MJ
GHG 1,800 mt GGE 1,400 g GGE 5.8 g GGE
SO2 6,900 kg 5,100 mg 22 mg
CO 2,100 kg 1,500 mg 6.7 mg
NOX 3,800 kg 2,800 mg 12 mg
VOC 950 kg 700 mg 3.0 mg
Pb 7.9 kg 5.9 mg 25 μg
PM10 1,900 kg 1,400 mg 6,100 μg
V, Operation ( Active) Energy 190 TJ 140 MJ 0.60 MJ
GHG 13,000 mt GGE 9,600 g GGE 41 g GGE
SO2 57 kg 42 mg 0.18 mg
CO 13,000 kg 9,300 mg 40 mg
NOX 240,000 kg 180,000 mg 780 mg
VOC 7,600 kg 5,600 mg 24 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 6,600 kg 4,800 mg 21,000 μg
V, Operation ( Idling) Energy 25 TJ 19 MJ 0.081 MJ
GHG 1,800 mt GGE 1,300 g GGE 5.6 g GGE
SO2 7.7 kg 5.7 mg 0.024 mg
CO 4,000 kg 3,000 mg 13 mg
NOX 41,000 kg 30,000 mg 130 mg
VOC 4,400 kg 3,200 mg 14 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 1,200 kg 850 mg 3,700 μg
V, Operation ( HVAC) Energy 10 TJ 7.4 MJ 0.032 MJ
GHG 700 mt GGE 510 g GGE 2.2 g GGE
SO2 3.1 kg 2.3 mg 0.0097 mg
CO 670 kg 500 mg 2.1 mg
NOX 13,000 kg 9,600 mg 41 mg
VOC 410 kg 300 mg 1.3 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 350 kg 260 mg 1,100 μg
V, Maintenance Energy 25 TJ 18 MJ 0.078 MJ
GHG 1,100 mt GGE 830 g GGE 3.6 g GGE
SO2 3,100 kg 2,300 mg 9.9 mg
CO 2,800 kg 2,100 mg 8.9 mg
NOX 2,600 kg 1,900 mg 8.3 mg
VOC 4,100 kg 3,000 mg 13 mg
Pb 11 kg 8.1 mg 35 μg
PM10 780 kg 570 mg 2,500 μg
V, Maintenance ( Cleaning) Energy 0.13 TJ 0.094 MJ 0.00040 MJ
GHG 18 mt GGE 13 g GGE 0.058 g GGE
SO2 42 kg 31 mg 0.13 mg
CO 4.9 kg 3.6 mg 0.016 mg
NOX 28 kg 21 mg 0.089 mg
VOC 0.34 kg 0.25 mg 0.0011 mg
Pb 0.0019 kg 0.0014 mg 0.0061 μg
PM10 0.88 kg 0.65 mg 2.8 μg
V, Maintenance ( Flooring) Energy 6.1 TJ 4.5 MJ 0.019 MJ
GHG 480 mt GGE 360 g GGE 1.5 g GGE
SO2 870 kg 650 mg 2.8 mg
CO 4,600 kg 3,400 mg 14 mg
NOX 870 kg 650 mg 2.8 mg
VOC 790 kg 580 mg 2.5 mg
Pb 0.42 kg 0.31 mg 1.3 μg
PM10 300 kg 220 mg 960 μg
V, Insurance ( Employees) Energy 16 TJ 11 MJ 0.050 MJ
GHG 1,300 mt GGE 940 g GGE 4.1 g GGE
SO2 3,100 kg 2,300 mg 9.9 mg
CO 14,000 kg 10,000 mg 45 mg
NOX 3,500 kg 2,600 mg 11 mg
VOC 2,600 kg 1,900 mg 8.3 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 670 kg 490 mg 2,100 μg
V, Insurance ( Vehicles) Energy 2.0 TJ 1.5 MJ 0.0065 MJ
GHG 170 mt GGE 120 g GGE 0.53 g GGE
SO2 410 kg 300 mg 1.3 mg
CO 1,800 kg 1,400 mg 5.9 mg
NOX 460 kg 340 mg 1.5 mg
VOC 340 kg 250 mg 1.1 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 87 kg 64 mg 280 μg
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 58
Table 30 – Chicago Commuter Rail Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory
Life‐ Cycle Component I/ O per Vehicle‐ Life per VMT per PMT
I, Station Construction Energy 7.4 TJ 5.5 MJ 0.023 MJ
GHG 730 mt GGE 540 g GGE 2.3 g GGE
SO2 2,200 kg 1,700 mg 7.1 mg
CO 6,100 kg 4,500 mg 19 mg
NOX 3,100 kg 2,300 mg 9.7 mg
VOC 1,900 kg 1,400 mg 6.2 mg
Pb 0.34 kg 0.25 mg 1.1 μg
PM10 390 kg 290 mg 1,200 μg
I, Station Lighting Energy 20 TJ 14 MJ 0.062 MJ
GHG 2,800 mt GGE 2,100 g GGE 8.9 g GGE
SO2 6,500 kg 4,800 mg 21 mg
CO 760 kg 560 mg 2.4 mg
NOX 4,300 kg 3,200 mg 14 mg
VOC 52 kg 38 mg 0.17 mg
Pb 0.29 kg 0.22 mg 0.93 μg
PM10 130 kg 100 mg 430 μg
I, Station Escalators Energy 4.4 TJ 3.2 MJ 0.014 MJ
GHG 620 mt GGE 460 g GGE 2.0 g GGE
SO2 1,400 kg 1,100 mg 4.6 mg
CO 170 kg 120 mg 0.53 mg
NOX 960 kg 710 mg 3.1 mg
VOC 12 kg 8.5 mg 0.037 mg
Pb 0.065 kg 0.048 mg 0.21 μg
PM10 30 kg 22 mg 96 μg
I, Station Train Control Energy 26 TJ 19 MJ 0.081 MJ
GHG 3,600 mt GGE 2,700 g GGE 12 g GGE
SO2 8,500 kg 6,300 mg 27 mg
CO 990 kg 730 mg 3.1 mg
NOX 5,700 kg 4,200 mg 18 mg
VOC 68 kg 50 mg 0.22 mg
Pb 0.38 kg 0.28 mg 1.2 μg
PM10 180 kg 130 mg 560 μg
I, Station Parking Lighting Energy 75 TJ 55 MJ 0.24 MJ
GHG 11,000 mt GGE 7,900 g GGE 34 g GGE
SO2 25,000 kg 18,000 mg 79 mg
CO 2,900 kg 2,100 mg 9.2 mg
NOX 17,000 kg 12,000 mg 53 mg
VOC 200 kg 150 mg 0.63 mg
Pb 1.1 kg 0.83 mg 3.6 μg
PM10 520 kg 380 mg 1,600 μg
I, Station Miscellaneous Energy 4.5 TJ 3.3 MJ 0.014 MJ
GHG 640 mt GGE 480 g GGE 2.0 g GGE
SO2 1,500 kg 1,100 mg 4.8 mg
CO 170 kg 130 mg 0.55 mg
NOX 1,000 kg 740 mg 3.2 mg
VOC 12 kg 8.8 mg 0.038 mg
Pb 0.068 kg 0.050 mg 0.22 μg
PM10 31 kg 23 mg 99 μg
I, Station Maintenance Energy 0.74 TJ 0.55 MJ 0.0023 MJ
GHG 73 mt GGE 54 g GGE 0.23 g GGE
SO2 220 kg 170 mg 0.71 mg
CO 610 kg 450 mg 1.9 mg
NOX 310 kg 230 mg 0.97 mg
VOC 190 kg 140 mg 0.62 mg
Pb 0.034 kg 0.025 mg 0.11 μg
PM10 39 kg 29 mg 120 μg
I, Station Cleaning Energy 0.13 TJ 0.094 MJ 0.00040 MJ
GHG 18 mt GGE 13 g GGE 0.058 g GGE
SO2 42 kg 31 mg 0.13 mg
CO 4.9 kg 3.6 mg 0.016 mg
NOX 28 kg 21 mg 0.089 mg
VOC 0.34 kg 0.25 mg 0.0011 mg
Pb 0.0019 kg 0.0014 mg 0.0061 μg
PM10 0.88 kg 0.65 mg 2.8 μg
I, Station Parking Energy 3.6 TJ 2.7 MJ 0.012 MJ
GHG 300 mt GGE 220 g GGE 0.96 g GGE
SO2 590 kg 440 mg 1.9 mg
CO 940 kg 690 mg 3.0 mg
NOX 1,500 kg 1,100 mg 4.9 mg
VOC 1,800 kg 1,300 mg 5.8 mg
Pb 0.17 kg 0.13 mg 0.55 μg
PM10 810 kg 600 mg 2,600 μg
( Table 30 continued on the following page…)
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 59
Table 30 – Chicago Commuter Rail Life‐ cycle Infrastructure & Fuels Inventory ( continued)
Life‐ Cycle Component I/ O per Vehicle‐ Life per VMT per PMT
I, Track/ Power Construction Energy 3.0 TJ 2.2 MJ 0.0096 MJ
GHG 280 mt GGE 200 g GGE 0.88 g GGE
SO2 640 kg 470 mg 2.0 mg
CO 2,700 kg 2,000 mg 8.5 mg
NOX 700 kg 520 mg 2.2 mg
VOC 500 kg 370 mg 1.6 mg
Pb 0.85 kg 0.63 mg 2.7 μg
PM10 240 kg 180 mg 760 μg
I, Track Maintenance Energy 21 TJ 16 MJ 0.068 MJ
GHG 890 mt GGE 650 g GGE 2.8 g GGE
SO2 830 kg 610 mg 2.6 mg
CO 430 kg 310 mg 1.4 mg
NOX 1,500 kg 1,100 mg 4.6 mg
VOC 290 kg 210 mg 0.91 mg
Pb 0.98 kg 0.72 mg 3.1 μg
PM10 250 kg 180 mg 790 μg
I, Insurance ( Employees) Energy 7.3 TJ 5.4 MJ 0.023 MJ
GHG 600 mt GGE 440 g GGE 1.9 g GGE
SO2 1,500 kg 1,100 mg 4.7 mg
CO 6,700 kg 4,900 mg 21 mg
NOX 1,700 kg 1,200 mg 5.3 mg
VOC 1,200 kg 910 mg 3.9 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 310 kg 230 mg 1,000 μg
I, Insurance ( Facilities) Energy 0.96 TJ 0.71 MJ 0.0031 MJ
GHG 79 mt GGE 58 g GGE 0.25 g GGE
SO2 190 kg 140 mg 0.61 mg
CO 870 kg 640 mg 2.8 mg
NOX 220 kg 160 mg 0.69 mg
VOC 160 kg 120 mg 0.51 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 41 kg 30 mg 130 μg
F, Supply Chain ( Vehicles) Energy 29 TJ 22 MJ 0.094 MJ
GHG 2,700 mt GGE 2,000 g GGE 8.5 g GGE
SO2 5,000 kg 3,700 mg 16 mg
CO 7,400 kg 5,400 mg 23 mg
NOX 4,400 kg 3,200 mg 14 mg
VOC 3,200 kg 2,400 mg 10 mg
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 710 kg 520 mg 2,300 μg
F, T& D Losses ( Vehicles) Energy ‐ ‐ ‐
GHG ‐ ‐ ‐
SO2 ‐ ‐ ‐
CO ‐ ‐ ‐
NOX ‐ ‐ ‐
VOC ‐ ‐ ‐
Pb ‐ ‐ ‐
PM10 ‐ ‐ ‐
F, Supply Chain ( Infrastructure) Energy 18 TJ 13 MJ 0.056 MJ
GHG 340 mt GGE 250 g GGE 1.1 g GGE
SO2 4,100 kg 3,000 mg 13 mg
CO 320 kg 240 mg 1.0 mg
NOX 1,200 kg 860 mg 3.7 mg
VOC 44 kg 32 mg 0.14 mg
Pb 0.0093 kg 0.0069 mg 0.030 μg
PM10 33 kg 24 mg 100 μg
F, T& D Losses ( Infrastructure) Energy 14 TJ 10 MJ 0.044 MJ
GHG 210 mt GGE 150 g GGE 0.66 g GGE
SO2 480 kg 360 mg 1.5 mg
CO 56 kg 41 mg 0.18 mg
NOX 320 kg 240 mg 1.0 mg
VOC 3.9 kg 2.9 mg 0.012 mg
Pb 0.022 kg 0.016 mg 0.069 μg
PM10 10 kg 7.4 mg 32 μg
Life‐ cycle Energy and Emissions Inventories for Motorcycles, Diesel Automobiles, School Buses, Electric Buses, and Metropolitan Rail
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 􀂓 Page 60
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